Hesi Biology Practice Test

The ureters are long, narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Each kidney has one ureter, which emerges from the renal pelvis (a funnel-shaped cavity in the kidney) and descends downward, passing behind the peritoneum and along the back of the abdominal cavity. The ureters then enter the bladder through small openings at the base of the bladder, where they join with the urethra, a tube that carries urine out of the body.

The anatomical position is a standardized reference position used to describe the human body. In this position, the person stands erect with their feet together and their arms at their sides, with the palms of the hands facing forward (anteriorly). This position is used as a reference for describing the location of different parts of the body.

The urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and testes, are in the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is a bony structure formed by the pelvis and contains the terminal portions of the digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract. It is situated inferior to the abdominal cavity and is separated from it by the pelvic brim, which is a rim of bone formed by the iliac crests, sacrum, and pubic bones. The pelvic cavity is bounded by the pelvic bones and the pelvic diaphragm and is lined with pelvic peritoneum.

Hematoma formation occurs immediately after the bone is fractured. The blood vessels that have been damaged due to the fracture bleed and form a hematoma or a blood clot.

Next, callus formation begins, which involves the accumulation of fibrous tissue, cartilage, and new bone cells around the fracture site, forming a soft callus.

The soft callus then undergoes callus ossification, in which the fibrous tissue and cartilage are gradually replaced by hardened new bone tissue.

Finally, bone remodeling occurs, which involves the reshaping of the newly formed bone tissue to match the shape of the original bone, and the removal of any excess bone material.

Therefore, option b, hematoma formation, Callus formation, Callus ossification, Bone remodeling, is the correct sequence of repair as a fractured bone goes through the healing process.

The ABCD rule is a mnemonic used to identify the characteristics of melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer. The leters stand for:

A -Asymmetry: One half of the mole or lesion does not match the other half.

B - Border irregularity: The edges are ragged, notched, or blurred.

C - Color: The color is not uniform and may include different shades of brown or black, or sometimes patches of pink, red, white, or blue.

D - Diameter: The size of the mole or lesion is greater than 6 mm (about the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can sometimes be smaller.

This rule is not as useful in detecting other types of skin cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, or sarcoma, as they tend to have different characteristics. However, any new or changing mole or lesion on the skin should be examined by a dermatologist to determine if it is cancerous.

Also known as platelets, are cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting or coagulation. When a blood vessel is injured, thrombocytes are activated and clump together to form a platelet plug that stops the bleeding. They also release substances that promote blood clotting and help to repair the damaged blood vessel. Therefore, the function of thrombocytes is important in preventing excessive bleeding and promoting wound healing. Options a, c, and d are incorrect because they do not describe the function of thrombocytes.

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, it activates the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for physical activity or stressful situations. This response includes several physiological changes, such as:

Increased heart rate and cardiac output: The sympathetic nervous system releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, which increase heart rate and cardiac output to provide more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles.

Decreased uterine activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits uterine contractions to prevent

premature labor.

Decreased pancreatic activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glucagon secretion to increase blood glucose levels.

Decreased gastrointestinal activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits digestive functions to divert blood flow to the muscles.

Cells of similar structure and function are grouped together to form a tissue. Tissues can be found in many different types of organisms, including animals and plants. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Each type of tissue has a specific function and is composed of specialized cells that work together to perform that function.

An organ is a structure made up of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function. A system is a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. A membrane is a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface or divides a space or organ.

Dermal papillae are small, raised structures in the dermis of the skin. They contain nerve endings, capillaries, and other specialized cells. Dermal papillae are responsible for creating fingerprints, as they push up into the epidermis and create ridges on the surface of the skin. These ridges are what give each person their unique patern of fingerprints. Sudoriferous glands are responsible for producing sweat, Merkel cells are involved in touch sensation, and arrector pili are responsible for the contraction of hair follicles

Ceruminous glands are specialized sweat glands located in the skin of the ear canal. These glands secrete a waxy substance called cerumen or ear wax. Ear wax helps to lubricate and protect the skin of the ear canal and prevent the entry of foreign particles, such as dust and insects, into the ear. It also has antibacterial properties that help to protect the ear from infection. The amount and composition of ear wax vary from person to person and can be affected by factors such as age, genetics, and environmental conditions.