Hesi Biology Practice Test

Blood then carry them to target cells or organs throughout the body. Hormones are chemical messengers that help to regulate various physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Unlike exocrine glands (option a), which secrete their products into ducts that carry them to external surfaces such as the skin or digestive tract, endocrine glands have no ducts and release their secretions directly into the circulatory system. Salivary glands (option d) are exocrine glands that secrete saliva into ducts leading to the mouth. Option b is also incorrect as it does not accurately describe endocrine glands.

The anatomical position is a standardized reference position used to describe the human body. In this position, the person stands erect with their feet together and their arms at their sides, with the palms of the hands facing forward (anteriorly). This position is used as a reference for describing the location of different parts of the body.

Eating large amounts of turnips and beets can lead to a condition called beeturia, which causes the urine and skin to turn a reddish or purplish color. This condition is harmless and is caused by the betalain pigments present in these vegetables. As a strict vegetarian, it is possible that the client consumes large amounts of these vegetables, which could explain the unusual skin color.

Rice and eggs, carrots and squash, spinach and mustard greens are not known to cause unusual skin color. However, it is important for the nurse to ask the client about her diet and any supplements she may be taking to beter understand the cause of the unusual skin color.

The ureters are long, narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Each kidney has one ureter, which emerges from the renal pelvis (a funnel-shaped cavity in the kidney) and descends downward, passing behind the peritoneum and along the back of the abdominal cavity. The ureters then enter the bladder through small openings at the base of the bladder, where they join with the urethra, a tube that carries urine out of the body.

After birth, blood is primarily produced in the red bone marrow of the infant. Red bone marrow is a spongy tissue found in the hollow centers of certain bones, such as the skull, ribs, pelvis, and long bones of the arms and legs. Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

In adults, some of the blood production shifts to other organs such as the spleen and liver. However, in infants, the red bone marrow is the main site of blood cell production until about 5 years of age when it begins to gradually transition to the other organs.

A hinge joint is a type of synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, like a door hinge. The elbow joint is made up of the humerus bone in the upper arm, the ulna bone and the radius bone in the forearm. It allows flexion and extension movements, like the opening and closing of a hinge.

Lysosomes contribute to phagocytosis in white blood cells by fusing with the phagosome, which is the membrane-bound vesicle that engulfs the foreign particle or pathogen during phagocytosis. The lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down the engulfed material, thereby helping to destroy the invading pathogen. Additionally, lysosomes can also release reactive oxygen species and other antimicrobial molecules that further aid in the destruction of the pathogen.

Vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus do not directly contribute to phagocytosis in white blood cells. Vacuoles are used for storage in cells, while the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein synthesis and processing.

Intramembranous ossification is a process of bone formation in which bone tissue forms directly within mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue membranes. This process is responsible for the formation of the flat bones of the skull, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones.

Long bones of the arms and legs, bones of the pelvic girdle, and vertebrae are formed by endochondral ossification, a different process of bone formation in which bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage.

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, it activates the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for physical activity or stressful situations. This response includes several physiological changes, such as:

Increased heart rate and cardiac output: The sympathetic nervous system releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, which increase heart rate and cardiac output to provide more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles.

Decreased uterine activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits uterine contractions to prevent

premature labor.

Decreased pancreatic activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits insulin secretion and promotes glucagon secretion to increase blood glucose levels.

Decreased gastrointestinal activity: The sympathetic nervous system inhibits digestive functions to divert blood flow to the muscles.

During anaerobic respiration, some living systems use an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred to as fermentation. One type of fermentation is lactic acid fermentation, which produces lactic acid (lactate) and NAD+1. The accumulation of lactic acid can lead to a burning sensation in muscles during intense exercise.