A 4-year-old is admitted to the ER and is being assessed by a nurse. What are the clinical findings of epiglottitis? (Select All that Apply.)
Stridor
Dry, barking cough
Difficulty swallowing
Drooling
Hoarseness and difficulty speaking
Low-grade fever
Correct Answer : A,C,D,E
A. Stridor is a hallmark sign of upper airway obstruction and is commonly present in epiglottitis.
B. A dry, barking cough is more characteristic of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), not epiglottitis.
C. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) occurs due to inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis.
D. Drooling is a key symptom because the child is unable or unwilling to swallow secretions due to pain and obstruction.
E. Hoarseness and difficulty speaking (muffled or "hot potato" voice) are common due to swelling near the vocal cords and larynx.
F. Epiglottitis typically presents with a sudden high-grade fever, not a low-grade one.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Cochlear implants are used to treat sensorineural hearing loss, which involves damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Conductive hearing loss is usually treated with medical or surgical intervention, such as tubes or hearing aids.
B. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves cannot effectively reach the inner ear, often due to fluid, wax, or structural issues. Otitis media with effusion (fluid in the middle ear without infection) is a common cause of temporary conductive hearing loss in children.
C. Auditory nerve damage causes sensorineural hearing loss, not conductive.
D. While some hearing losses are inherited, conductive hearing loss is typically caused by external or middle ear problems, not genetic factors.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The sweat chloride test is the gold standard for diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF). A chloride concentration greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic for CF in children.
B. Pulmonary function tests can assess lung capacity and function, but they are not diagnostic and may be difficult to perform reliably in very young children.
C. Stool fat analysis can indicate malabsorption, which is common in CF, but it is not specific or confirmatory for the disease.
D. A sputum culture may detect bacterial colonization (e.g., Pseudomonas), which is common in CF, but it does not confirm the diagnosis.
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