A client is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). What symptom would the nurse expect to see?

Choice A reason: Joint pain with swelling is the correct answer, because it is a common symptom of SLE. SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels. Joint pain with swelling is caused by the inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines the joints, which can lead to stiffness, reduced mobility, and deformity.

Choice B reason: Intense wrinkles is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Intense wrinkles are a cosmetic issue that affects the appearance of the skin, not the function of the organs or tissues. Intense wrinkles are caused by the loss of collagen and elasticity in the skin, which can result from aging, sun exposure, smoking, or dehydration.

Choice C reason: Raynaud's phenomenon is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Raynaud's phenomenon is a condition that affects the blood flow to the fingers and toes, not the joints or other organs. Raynaud's phenomenon is caused by the narrowing of the small arteries that supply blood to the extremities, which can result from cold, stress, or other factors.

Choice D reason: Tachycardia is not the correct answer, because it is not a symptom of SLE. Tachycardia is a condition that affects the heart rate, not the joints or other organs. Tachycardia is caused by the abnormal electrical activity of the heart, which can result from anxiety, fever, infection, or other causes.

Choice A reason: Properly disposing of contaminated equipment is an important infectioncontrol measure, but it is not the most effective way to prevent the spread of pathogens during client care. Contaminated equipment, such as gloves, gowns, masks, or needles, should be disposed of in designated containers or bags to prevent exposure or injury to others. However, this measure does not eliminate the risk of transmission of pathogens from the hands of the health care worker to the client or the environment.

Choice B reason: Discarding used syringes into appropriate containers is an important infectioncontrol measure, but it is not the most effective way to prevent the spread of pathogens during client care. Used syringes, especially those that contain blood or body fluids, should be discarded into punctureresistant, leakproof, and labeled containers to prevent needlestick injuries or exposure to others. However, this measure does not eliminate the risk of transmission of pathogens from the hands of the health care worker to the client or the environment.

Choice C reason: Changing soiled linens is an important infectioncontrol measure, but it is not the most effective way to prevent the spread of pathogens during client care. Soiled linens, especially those that contain blood or body fluids, should be changed and handled with gloves and minimal agitation to prevent contamination or aerosolization of pathogens. However, this measure does not eliminate the risk of transmission of pathogens from the hands of the health care worker to the client or the environment.

Choice D reason: Performing hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent the spread of pathogens during client care, because it reduces the number of microorganisms on the hands of the health care worker, which are the most common source and mode of transmission of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed before and after contact with the client, after contact with potentially infectious materials, after removing gloves, and before and after performing invasive procedures. Hand hygiene can be performed by washing with soap and water or using alcoholbased hand rubs.