A client who has asthma (a reactive airway disease) asks the nurse about the role of leukotrienes in this process. Leukotrienes have which immune response?
Produce the sensation of Itching.
Tighten airway and produce mucous.
Causes formation of bradykinin.
Serves as receptor for antigen.
The Correct Answer is B
Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid metabolism, primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells) such as mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. In the context of asthma, leukotrienes play a significant role in the pathophysiology of the disease by contributing to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Here's a breakdown of their immune response:
A) Produce the sensation of itching:
Leukotrienes are not directly involved in producing the sensation of itching. Itching is often associated with histamine release rather than leukotrienes.
B) Tighten airway and produce mucous:
Correct. Leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictors that cause smooth muscle contraction in the airways, leading to narrowing (constriction) of the bronchioles. Additionally, they stimulate the secretion of mucus from goblet cells in the airway epithelium, contributing to airway obstruction and mucus production, which are characteristic features of asthma exacerbations.
C) Causes formation of bradykinin:
Bradykinin is a peptide mediator that is generated from the plasma protein kininogen and is involved in vasodilation, pain sensation, and inflammation. Leukotrienes are not directly responsible for the formation of bradykinin.
D) Serves as a receptor for antigen:
Leukotrienes do not serve as receptors for antigens. Instead, they are lipid mediators released in response to various stimuli, including allergens, infections, and irritants, and they act on specific receptors (e.g., leukotriene receptors) to exert their effects, such as bronchoconstriction and inflammation
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Acute leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), involves the proliferation of abnormal myeloblasts (immature white blood cells) in the bone marrow, leading to decreased production of normal blood cells. Here's the breakdown of the pathophysiology contributing to bruising in acute leukemia:
A) Oxyhemoglobin provides less oxygen to tissues:
Oxyhemoglobin refers to hemoglobin bound to oxygen, and its role is in oxygen transport, not in the process of bruising. Therefore, this option is not directly related to the pathophysiology of bruising in acute leukemia.
B) Insufficient platelets delay the clotting process:
Correct. Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count, is a common complication of acute leukemia due to the replacement of normal bone marrow cells with leukemia cells, leading to inadequate production of platelets. Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis and clot formation. Insufficient platelets result in delayed clotting, leading to easy bruising and bleeding tendencies in patients with acute leukemia.
C) Phagocytic cells are inadequate in fighting infection:
Leukopenia, or low white blood cell count, can occur in acute leukemia due to suppression of normal hematopoiesis by leukemia cells in the bone marrow. While leukopenia predisposes patients to infections due to impaired immune function, it is not directly related to the pathophysiology of bruising.
D) Lack of iron causes hypochromic blood cells:
Iron deficiency anemia can result in hypochromic red blood cells, but this is not typically associated with the pathophysiology of bruising in acute leukemia. Anemia may contribute to other symptoms such as fatigue and pallor, but bruising primarily results from thrombocytopenia-induced clotting abnormalities.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A) Bronchioles:
Bronchioles are small airways in the lungs that lack cartilage and are primarily responsible for conducting air to the alveoli. While changes in bronchioles, such as bronchoconstriction or bronchiolitis, can contribute to airflow limitation in conditions like asthma or chronic bronchitis, they are not primarily associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.
B) Trachea:
The trachea, or windpipe, is the large airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It serves as a conduit for air movement into and out of the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Changes in the trachea are not typically associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.
C) Bronchi:
Bronchi are larger airways in the lungs that branch off from the trachea and further divide into bronchioles. While chronic bronchitis, a common comorbidity of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), primarily affects the bronchi, it is not the primary structure associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.
D) Alveoli:
Correct. Emphysema is a type of COPD characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to enlarged airspaces and loss of lung elasticity. This structural damage results in decreased surface area for gas exchange and impaired diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Alveolar destruction in emphysema leads to poor gas exchange and contributes to the characteristic symptoms of dyspnea, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia in affected individuals. Therefore, the alveoli are directly associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema
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