A client with CKD who is on hemodialysis asks for a snack in the afternoon. The patient's potassium level is elevated. Which of the following foods could be given? Select all that apply.

Choice a reason: Fluid restriction is often implemented in earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to help manage fluid balance and prevent complications such as edema and hypertension. It is not unique to stage 5 CKD and is a common intervention across various stages of the disease.
Choice b reason: Antihypertension medications are commonly used in all stages of CKD to control blood pressure and slow the progression of kidney damage. Hypertension management is crucial throughout the disease process and is not specific to stage 5 CKD.
Choice c reason: Dialysis or kidney transplant becomes necessary at stage 5 CKD, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). At this stage, the kidneys are no longer able to perform their essential functions, and renal replacement therapy is required to sustain life. This treatment is not needed in earlier stages of CKD, making it specific to stage 5.
Choice d reason: A low sodium diet is recommended at various stages of CKD to help control blood pressure and reduce the risk of fluid retention. It is not a new intervention for stage 5 CKD and is part of the overall dietary management throughout the disease course.

Choice a reason: Chest congestion is not a sign of cystitis. Chest congestion is typically associated with respiratory conditions, such as bronchitis or pneumonia, and involves the buildup of mucus in the lungs. Cystitis affects the urinary bladder, not the respiratory system.
Choice b reason: Fever can sometimes accompany cystitis, especially if the infection is severe or has spread to the kidneys (pyelonephritis). However, it is not the most common symptom of cystitis. The primary signs and symptoms of cystitis are related to the urinary tract.
Choice c reason: Abdominal pain can be a symptom of cystitis, particularly pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic region. This pain is due to inflammation and irritation of the bladder lining. While it is a common symptom, it is not the definitive sign of cystitis.
Choice d reason: Increased urinary frequency is a hallmark sign of cystitis. Patients with cystitis often feel the need to urinate more frequently than usual, even if the bladder is not full. This symptom is due to the irritation and inflammation of the bladder, leading to a persistent urge to urinate. Other symptoms that typically accompany this include a burning sensation during urination and urgency.