A man has been admitted to the hospital unit with a medical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He is receiving supplemental oxygen at 2 L/min via a nasal cannula. Which positioning technique will best assist him with breathing?
Fowler's position
Sim's position
Prone position
Lateral position
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: Fowler's position is a semisitting position with the head of the bed elevated at 45 to 60 degrees. This position allows for maximum expansion of the chest and improves ventilation and oxygenation. It also reduces the work of breathing and prevents the abdominal organs from compressing the diaphragm.
Choice B reason: Sim's position is a sidelying position with the lower arm behind the back and the upper knee flexed. This position is used for patients who are unconscious, have difficulty swallowing, or are receiving an enema. It does not facilitate breathing or oxygenation for patients with COPD.
Choice C reason: Prone position is a lying position with the face down and the arms at the sides or bent at the elbows. This position is used for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or severe lung injury to improve oxygenation and reduce lung inflammation. It is not recommended for patients with COPD as it may increase the risk of aspiration, pressure ulcers, and nerve damage.
Choice D reason: Lateral position is a sidelying position with the upper leg slightly flexed and supported by a pillow. This position is used for patients who are resting or sleeping to prevent pressure ulcers and promote comfort. It does not improve breathing or oxygenation for patients with COPD.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Inflammation is not an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Inflammation is a secondary defense to infection, which is activated after the primary defense has been breached. Inflammation is a complex process that involves the release of chemical mediators, the dilation of blood vessels, the increase of blood flow, the migration of white blood cells, and the formation of exudate. Inflammation aims to contain, neutralize, and eliminate the infectious agent and to repair the damaged tissue.
Choice B reason: Fever is not an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Fever is a secondary defense to infection, which is activated after the primary defense has been breached. Fever is an elevation of the body temperature above the normal range, which is usually 36.5 to 37.5 degrees Celsius or 97.7 to 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Fever is a systemic response to infection that is regulated by the hypothalamus, which is the part of the brain that controls the body's thermostat. Fever enhances the immune system's activity and inhibits the growth of some pathogens.
Choice C reason: Phagocytosis is not an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Phagocytosis is a secondary defense to infection, which is activated after the primary defense has been breached. Phagocytosis is a process that involves the engulfment and destruction of foreign particles, such as bacteria, by specialized cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Phagocytosis is a type of cellular immunity that eliminates the infectious agent and prevents its spread.
Choice D reason: Intact skin is an example of a client's primary defense to infection. Intact skin is the first and most important line of defense against infection, as it forms a physical barrier that prevents the entry of pathogens into the body. Intact skin also has chemical and biological properties that resist infection, such as the acidic pH, the secretion of sebum and sweat, and the presence of normal flora. Intact skin protects the underlying tissues and organs from infection and injury.
Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Candidiasis is an opportunistic infection associated with AIDS. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, which normally live in the mouth, throat, vagina, and intestines. In people with AIDS, the immune system is weakened and cannot control the growth of Candida, leading to oral thrush, esophagitis, vaginitis, or systemic candidiasis.
Choice B reason: Hodgkin's lymphoma is not an opportunistic infection associated with AIDS. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. It is characterized by the presence of ReedSternberg cells, which are abnormal lymphocytes. The exact cause of Hodgkin's lymphoma is unknown, but it is not related to any specific infection.
Choice C reason: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is an opportunistic infection associated with AIDS. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a fungal infection caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci, which normally lives in the lungs of healthy people without causing any symptoms. In people with AIDS, the immune system is weakened and cannot prevent the invasion of Pneumocystis jiroveci, leading to pneumonia, which is a serious and potentially fatal lung infection.
Choice D reason: Clostridium difficile is not an opportunistic infection associated with AIDS. Clostridium difficile is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium difficile, which normally lives in the colon of healthy people without causing any problems. In some cases, the use of antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the colon and allow Clostridium difficile to overgrow and produce toxins, leading to diarrhea, colitis, or pseudomembranous colitis. This infection can affect anyone, regardless of their HIV status.
Choice E reason: NonHodgkin's lymphoma is an opportunistic infection associated with AIDS. NonHodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal lymphocytes, which may be B cells, T cells, or natural killer cells. NonHodgkin's lymphoma is associated with several infections, such as EpsteinBarr virus, human herpesvirus 8, hepatitis C virus, and human Tcell leukemia virus, which may trigger the transformation of lymphocytes in people with AIDS.
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