A nurse in a family planning clinic is caring for a client who requests an oral contraceptive. Which of the following findings in the client's history should the nurse recognize as a contraindication to oral contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

Cholecystitis

Hypertension

Human papillomavirus

Migraine headaches

Anxiety disorder

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,D

Choice A Reason:

Cholecystitis is correct. Both estrogen and progesterone have been shown to increase the risk of gallstones.Estrogen has been shown to increase cholesterol production in the liver, with excess amounts precipitating in bile and leading to the formation of gallstones.Progesterone has been shown to decrease gall-bladder motility, which impedes bile flow and leads to gallstone formation.

Choice B Reason:

Hypertension is correct. Women with uncontrolled hypertension or severe hypertension are generally advised against using oral contraceptives due to the increased risk of cardiovascular events.

Choice C Reason:

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is incorrect. HPV is not a contraindication to oral contraceptives.Overall, while there may be some association between oral contraceptive use and HPV infection or its progression, the absolute increase in risk is generally considered small, and the benefits of oral contraceptives in preventing unintended pregnancies and managing menstrual issues often outweigh the potential risks.

Choice D Reason:

Migraine headaches is correct. Women with migraines with aura, especially those over 35 years old, are often advised against using estrogen-containing contraceptives due to an increased risk of stroke.

Choice E Reason:

Anxiety disorder is incorrect. Anxiety disorder alone is not a contraindication to oral contraceptives. However, individual health considerations should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The correct answer is C.

A. Calcium: While calcium is important for bone health, it is not specifically increased during early pregnancy. Adequate calcium intake is important throughout pregnancy, but the focus on increased intake typically occurs later in pregnancy to support fetal bone development.

B. Vitamin E: Vitamin E is important for overall health, but there is not a specific emphasis on increasing vitamin E intake in the early stages of pregnancy. It is generally included as part of a balanced diet.

C. Iron: This is the correct answer. Iron needs increase during pregnancy to support the increased blood volume and prevent iron-deficiency anemia. Adequate iron is crucial for the transport of oxygen to the developing fetus.

D. Vitamin D: While vitamin D is important for bone health and immune function, its increase is not specific to the early stages of pregnancy. Adequate vitamin D intake is essential throughout pregnancy, but it is not singled out as needing a significant increase at 8 weeks of gestation.

A. Decreased heart rate B. Chin quivering C. Pinpoint pupils D. Slowed respirations

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Decreased heart rate: This is not typically an indication of pain in a newborn. Pain can often lead to an increased heart rate as the body responds to stress or discomfort.

B. Chin quivering: This is a common sign of pain in newborns. When infants experience pain, they may exhibit facial expressions such as quivering of the chin, furrowing of the brow, or grimacing.

C. Pinpoint pupils: Pinpoint pupils are not a typical sign of pain in a newborn. This may be associated with certain medications or conditions affecting the nervous system, but it is not a direct indicator of pain.

D. Slowed respirations: While pain can sometimes cause changes in respiratory patterns, slowed respirations alone may not be a reliable indicator of pain in a newborn. Other signs, such as facial expressions or crying, are often more indicative of pain.

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A nurse in a family planning clinic is caring for a client who requests an oral contraceptive. Which of the following findings in the client's history should the nurse recognize as a contraindication to oral contraceptives? (Select all that apply)

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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