A nurse is assessing a client who is experiencing stress. The nurse should identify that the client is experiencing which of the following types of stressors?
Physiological.
Psychological.
Environmental.
Occupational.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Physiological stressors, like infections or injuries, directly disrupt homeostasis (e.g., increasing cortisol via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation). Stress without a specified physical cause (e.g., pain, hypoxia) is more likely psychological, as the client’s symptoms suggest emotional or cognitive distress, not a direct physiological insult.
Choice B reason: Psychological stressors, such as anxiety or emotional distress, activate the amygdala and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing cortisol and catecholamines, leading to stress symptoms like elevated heart rate or impaired concentration. Without physical injury or illness specified, the client’s stress aligns with psychological causes, affecting mental health.
Choice C reason: Environmental stressors (e.g., noise, crowding) trigger stress via sensory overload, engaging the sympathetic nervous system. Without specific environmental cues in the scenario, the client’s stress is more likely psychological, as emotional or cognitive factors are common in unspecified stress presentations, not external environmental triggers.
Choice D reason: Occupational stressors, like work pressure, activate stress responses via cortisol and sympathetic activation, affecting cardiovascular and mental health. Without work-related context, the client’s stress is more likely psychological, stemming from internal emotional or cognitive factors, not specific job-related demands or workplace conditions.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Euphoria is associated with mania or bipolar disorder, not depression. Depression involves low serotonin and dopamine levels, leading to low mood, anhedonia, and fatigue. Euphoria reflects excessive dopamine activity, causing elevated mood, which is inconsistent with the neurochemical profile of major depressive disorder.
Choice B reason: Chronic pain is common in depression due to altered pain perception from low serotonin and norepinephrine levels, which modulate pain pathways. Somatization of emotional distress can manifest as physical pain, and depression amplifies pain signaling in the brain, contributing to persistent, unexplained discomfort.
Choice C reason: Insomnia is a hallmark of depression, resulting from disrupted circadian rhythms and reduced serotonin, which regulates sleep. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis increases cortisol, disturbing sleep architecture, leading to difficulty falling or staying asleep, or early morning awakenings, exacerbating depressive symptoms.
Choice D reason: Increased energy is not typical in depression, which is characterized by fatigue and low motivation due to decreased monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. High energy levels are more associated with manic episodes or stimulant use, not the neurochemical deficits seen in depressive disorders.
Choice E reason: Social withdrawal is a core symptom of depression, driven by anhedonia and low dopamine, reducing motivation for social interaction. The prefrontal cortex and amygdala dysfunction impair social reward processing, leading to isolation, as patients struggle with emotional engagement and perceive social activities as unrewarding or overwhelming.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Red bone marrow does not facilitate motion or flexibility, which are functions of joints, muscles, and connective tissues. Red bone marrow is hematopoietic, producing blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, within the bone matrix, not contributing to musculoskeletal movement, making this an incorrect function.
Choice B reason: Red bone marrow does not store calcium, which is a function of bone tissue, particularly the mineralized matrix of cortical and trabecular bone. While red marrow resides within bones, its primary role is hematopoiesis, not mineral storage, making this an inaccurate description of its physiological function.
Choice C reason: Red bone marrow produces white blood cells (leukocytes), crucial for immune function, through hematopoiesis. It generates lymphocytes, neutrophils, and other leukocytes within the bone marrow’s hematopoietic stem cells, supporting the body’s defense against infections, making this the correct function to include in teaching about red bone marrow.
Choice D reason: Red bone marrow does not provide protection for internal organs, which is a function of the skeletal system’s bones, such as the skull or ribcage. Red marrow’s role is blood cell production, not structural protection, making this an incorrect function for teaching about its physiological purpose.
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