A nurse is caring for a client who has a history of angina.

Exhibits

Which of the following findings require follow-up by the nurse? Select all that apply.

A. Increase fluids: Encouraging oral fluids can promote urination, but this intervention is not the priority until the nurse determines whether the bladder is actually retaining urine or the client is simply producing little urine.

B. Perform a bladder scan: The priority action is to assess the bladder for urinary retention using a noninvasive bladder scan. This determines if the bladder is full and guides the next appropriate intervention.

C. Insert a straight catheter: Catheterization is invasive and carries a risk of infection. It should only be performed after confirming urinary retention through assessment such as a bladder scan.

D. Provide assistance to bathroom: Helping the client to the bathroom may be appropriate, but without first assessing for retention, the nurse may overlook urinary obstruction or an overdistended bladder.

A. Conjugation results in a gradual increase in resistance: Conjugation does not occur gradually; instead, it allows for the rapid transfer of resistance genes between bacteria, often leading to multidrug resistance in a single step.

B. Spontaneous mutation can transfer DNA from one organism to another: Spontaneous mutation occurs within the DNA of a single organism and does not involve transferring genetic material between bacteria. DNA transfer is characteristic of conjugation.

C. Conjugation results in random changes in the microbe's DNA: Conjugation does not involve random DNA changes but rather the exchange of plasmids or resistance genes between bacteria, leading to predictable resistance patterns.

D. Spontaneous mutation leads to resistance to only one antimicrobial agent: Mutations occur randomly in a single bacterium’s DNA and typically confer resistance to one specific drug. This is the hallmark of spontaneous mutation, unlike conjugation, which can spread resistance to multiple drugs.