A nurse is caring for a client who has multiple sclerosis (MS). The client reports blurred vision, eye pain, and loss of color perception. Which of the following terms should the nurse use to document this finding?

Choice A reason:

This is an incorrect answer. Nystagmus is a condition that causes involuntary and rhythmic eye movements, which can affect vision and balance. Nystagmus can occur in some clients who have MS due to damage to the brainstem or cerebellum, but it does not cause eye pain or loss of color perception.

Choice B reason:

This is an incorrect answer. Diplopia is a condition that causes double vision, which can affect depth perception and coordination. Diplopia can occur in some clients who have MS due to damage to the cranial nerves or ocular muscles, but it does not cause eye pain or loss of color perception.

Choice C reason:

This is a correct answer. Optic neuritis is a condition that causes inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve, which can affect visual acuity and color perception. Optic neuritis can occur in some clients who have MS due to damage to the optic nerve or chiasm, and it often causes blurred vision, eye pain, and loss of color perception.

Choice D reason:

This is an incorrect answer. Papilledema is a condition that causes swelling of the optic disc, which can affect peripheral vision and cause headaches. Papilledema can occur in some clients who have increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to various causes, such as brain tumors, meningitis, or hydrocephalus, but it is not a common finding in MS.

Choice A reason:

This is a correct answer. Fever is a common symptom of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the meninges or the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Fever occurs due to the infection or immune response that causes meningitis, which can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic.

Choice B reason:

This is a correct answer. Photophobia is another common symptom of meningitis, which is an intolerance or sensitivity to light that causes eye pain or discomfort. Photophobia occurs due to the irritation of the optic nerve or cranial nerves that control the pupillary reflex by the inflamed meninges.

Choice C reason:

This is a correct answer. Nuchal rigidity is another common symptom of meningitis, which is stiffness or pain in the neck when flexing or extending it. Nuchal rigidity occurs due to the inflammation or spasm of the neck muscles by the inflamed meninges.

Choice D reason:

This is an incorrect answer. Positive Babinski sign is not a common symptom of meningitis, but rather a sign of upper motor neuron lesion or damage to the corticospinal tract that controls voluntary movement. Positive Babinski sign occurs when the big toe extends upward and the other toes fan out when stroking the sole of the foot with a blunt object.

Choice E reason:

This is a correct answer. Positive Brudzinski sign is another common symptom of meningitis, which is flexion of the hips and knees when flexing the neck forward. Positive Brudzinski sign occurs due to the irritation of the spinal nerve roots by the inflamed meninges.