A nurse is caring for an infant who has a congenital heart defect. Which of the following defects is associated with increased pulmonary blood flow?
Coarctation of the aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tricuspid atresia
The Correct Answer is B
A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect associated with increased pulmonary blood flow. In normal fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the lungs since the baby receives oxygen from the mother's placenta. After birth, the ductus arteriosus should close, redirecting blood flow to the lungs for oxygenation. However, in some infants with PDA, the ductus arteriosus remains open, causing an abnormal connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. As a result, oxygenated blood from the aorta flows back into the pulmonary artery, increasing the workload on the lungs.
The other options are as follows:
A. Coarctation of the aorta - Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, which obstructs blood flow and leads to increased blood pressure in the upper body and reduced blood flow to the lower body.
C. Tetralogy of Fallot - Tetralogy of Fallot is a combination of four heart defects that results in decreased pulmonary blood flow due to a ventricular septal defect (VSD), overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
D. Tricuspid atresia - Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve does not develop correctly, resulting in an absent or abnormal tricuspid valve. This defect prevents blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and, therefore, reduces pulmonary blood flow.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["1250"]
Explanation
To calculate the daily fluid requirements for a child, you typically use the Holliday-Segar method, which provides guidelines based on the child's weight:
- For the first 10 kg of body weight, you give 100 ml per kg.
- For the second 10 kg of body weight, you give 50 ml per kg.
- For any weight above 20 kg, you give 20 ml per kg.
First, convert the child's weight from pounds to kilograms. To do this, divide the weight in pounds by 2.2.
For a child weighing 33 pounds:
- The weight in kilograms is approximately 15 kg (33 divided by 2.2).
Now, calculate the fluid requirement:
- For the first 10 kg of the child's weight, you need 1000 ml (10 kg multiplied by 100 ml).
- For the remaining 5 kg, you need 250 ml (5 kg multiplied by 50 ml).
Adding these together, the total daily fluid requirement is 1250 ml.
So, the daily fluid requirement for a child weighing 33 pounds is 1250 ml.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
For a child with von Willebrand disease experiencing a nosebleed, the nurse should instruct the parent to have the child sit with their head tilted forward slightly (not backward) to prevent blood from flowing down the throat. Applying direct pressure to the nostrils with fingers or using a clean cloth for about 10 minutes will help stop the bleeding.
Option B (applying ice at the base of the nose) is not recommended because ice can cause vasoconstriction, potentially prolonging bleeding in individuals with bleeding disorders.
Option C (placing the child in a supine position with a pillow under the back) is also not recommended, as this can lead to blood flowing down the throat, increasing the risk of aspiration.
Option D (placing the child in a sitting position with her head tilted back) should be avoided as it can lead to blood flowing into the throat and potentially being swallowed or aspirated. This position is generally discouraged for nosebleeds.
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