A nurse is presenting an in-service about diabetes insipidus. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms should the nurse include in the teaching?
Increased insulin resistance in peripheral tissues.
Autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells.
Decreased production of insulin by the pancreas.
Inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Increased insulin resistance relates to type 2 diabetes, not diabetes insipidus, which involves water balance, not glucose metabolism. Insulin resistance affects peripheral tissues’ response to insulin, causing hyperglycemia, unrelated to the pituitary’s role in antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Choice B reason: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells causes type 1 diabetes, leading to insulin deficiency. Diabetes insipidus is a distinct condition involving antidiuretic hormone deficiency from the pituitary, affecting water reabsorption, not pancreatic function or glucose regulation.
Choice C reason: Decreased insulin production is associated with type 1 diabetes, not diabetes insipidus. The latter results from antidiuretic hormone deficiency, causing excessive water loss via urine. Insulin is irrelevant to the renal water retention mechanism disrupted in diabetes insipidus.
Choice D reason: Diabetes insipidus results from inadequate antidiuretic hormone secretion by the posterior pituitary, impairing renal water reabsorption. This leads to excessive dilute urine output, causing dehydration and thirst, the hallmark pathophysiology distinguishing it from diabetes mellitus, which involves glucose metabolism.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Tachycardia is not a primary sign of increased intracranial pressure in infants. It may occur in shock or pain but is less specific than neurological changes like lethargy. Increased intracranial pressure typically causes bradycardia due to brainstem compression, making this incorrect.
Choice B reason: Increased sleeping, or lethargy, indicates increased intracranial pressure in infants, as pressure on brain structures impairs arousal. This neurological symptom reflects cerebral edema or hematoma, reducing consciousness, a critical sign requiring urgent evaluation to prevent brain herniation.
Choice C reason: Depressed fontanels suggest dehydration, not increased intracranial pressure, which causes bulging fontanels in infants due to cerebrospinal fluid or blood accumulation. This finding is opposite to the expected presentation, making it incorrect for monitoring intracranial pressure.
Choice D reason: Brisk pupillary reaction is normal, not indicative of increased intracranial pressure. Sluggish or fixed pupils suggest pressure on cranial nerves, impairing light response. Brisk reactions indicate intact neurological function, making this an incorrect finding for increased intracranial pressure.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Chickenpox, caused by varicella-zoster virus, presents with a rash and fever, not the characteristic cough of pertussis. It is a distinct viral infection, unrelated to the bacterial respiratory pathology of pertussis, which is caused by Bordetella pertussis.
Choice B reason: Pertussis, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is commonly called whooping cough due to the distinctive whooping sound during coughing fits. This bacterial infection causes severe, prolonged coughing, particularly in children, making it the correct common name for the disease.
Choice C reason: Measles, caused by the rubeola virus, presents with rash, fever, and Koplik spots, not a whooping cough. It is a viral infection, distinct from the bacterial etiology of pertussis, making this an incorrect common name for the condition.
Choice D reason: Fifth disease, caused by parvovirus B19, causes a slapped-cheek rash, not a cough. It is a viral infection, unrelated to the bacterial respiratory symptoms of pertussis, making it an incorrect common name for this bacterial disease.
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