A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who was hyperventilating during a panic attack.
Which of the following arterial blood gas values should the nurse expect?

pH 7.50 and HCO3 31 mm Hg.

pH 7.30 and HCO3 19 mm Hg.

pH 7.47 and PaCO2 31 mm Hg.

pH 7.32 and PaCO2 50 mm Hg.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

The correct answer is: C.

Choice A reason: A pH of 7.50 and HCO3 of 31 mm Hg suggest a metabolic alkalosis due to the high bicarbonate level. However, during a panic attack, hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis, not metabolic, due to the excessive exhalation of CO2, which is not consistent with this option.

Choice B reason: A pH of 7.30 and HCO3 of 19 mm Hg indicate a metabolic acidosis due to the low bicarbonate level. This is not typically associated with hyperventilation during a panic attack, which usually causes respiratory alkalosis, characterized by a decrease in CO2 levels and an increase in pH.

Choice C reason: A pH of 7.47 and PaCO2 of 31 mm Hg are indicative of respiratory alkalosis, which is expected during hyperventilation as a result of a panic attack. Hyperventilation causes a decrease in carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels, leading to an increase in pH. The normal ranges for arterial blood gases are: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 35-45 mm Hg, and HCO3 22-26 mEq/L.

Choice D reason: A pH of 7.32 and PaCO2 of 50 mm Hg suggest respiratory acidosis due to the elevated PaCO2 level. This would be more consistent with hypoventilation, which is not the case during a panic attack where hyperventilation occurs.

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Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Gastrointestinal bloating is not a typical clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure. Left-sided heart failure primarily affects the pulmonary circulation, leading to symptoms such as dyspnea and orthopnea, but not gastrointestinal symptoms.

Choice B rationale:

Jugular vein distention is more commonly associated with right-sided heart failure. In left-sided heart failure, the congestion typically occurs in the pulmonary circulation, leading to respiratory symptoms, whereas jugular vein distention is a sign of elevated central venous pressure often seen in right-sided heart failure.

Choice C rationale:

Tachycardia is a common clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure. As the heart struggles to pump blood effectively, it compensates by increasing the heart rate to maintain cardiac output.

Choice D rationale:

Orthopnea is a classic symptom of left-sided heart failure. Clients with left-sided heart failure often experience difficulty breathing when lying flat and find relief when sitting upright. This is due to the redistribution of blood in the lungs when changing positions.

Choice E rationale:

Dyspnea is another hallmark symptom of left-sided heart failure. It is caused by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) due to the impaired ability of the left ventricle to effectively pump blood, leading to congestion in the pulmonary circulation.

A. Hypertension. B. Diaphoresis. C. Muscle tetany. D. Increased thirst.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Hypertension is not typically associated with low calcium levels. Hypertension is more commonly linked to issues with blood pressure regulation and not calcium levels.

Choice B rationale:

Diaphoresis (excessive sweating) is not a direct symptom of low calcium levels. Low calcium can lead to muscle cramps and tetany, but not sweating.

Choice C rationale:

Muscle tetany is a common manifestation of low calcium levels (hypocalcemia). It results from increased neuromuscular excitability, causing muscle spasms and contractions. A calcium level of 7 mg/dL is below the normal range, and this client is at risk for muscle tetany.

Choice D rationale:

Increased thirst is not a typical symptom of low calcium levels. Symptoms of hypocalcemia are primarily related to neuromuscular and cardiovascular changes, such as muscle tetany and cardiac arrhythmias.

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A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who was hyperventilating during a panic attack. Which of the following arterial blood gas values should the nurse expect?

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A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who was hyperventilating during a panic attack.
Which of the following arterial blood gas values should the nurse expect?