A nurse notices that a patient has difficulty detecting temperature changes. Which layer of skin is most likely affected?

A. Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus primarily causes excessive urine output (polyuria) due to osmotic diuresis from high blood glucose levels. It does not typically lead to decreased urine output unless there is severe dehydration or kidney involvement.

B. Hypertension: Chronic hypertension can damage the kidneys over time, potentially reducing urine output, but in the early stages, it does not usually cause oliguria. Acute blood pressure changes may indirectly affect kidney perfusion.

C. Dehydration: Dehydration reduces the body’s fluid volume, leading to decreased kidney perfusion and a subsequent reduction in urine output. Oliguria is a common compensatory response to conserve water and maintain fluid balance.

D. Increased fluid intake: Increased fluid intake typically results in increased urine output (polyuria), not decreased output. The kidneys respond to excess fluids by excreting more urine to maintain homeostasis.

A. Hinge joint: Hinge joints allow movement primarily in one plane, such as flexion and extension, like the elbow or knee, limiting rotation and side-to-side motion.

B. Saddle joint: Saddle joints permit movement in two planes, such as flexion-extension and abduction-adduction, but do not allow full rotational movement.

C. Ball and socket joint: Ball and socket joints, like the shoulder and hip, have a spherical head fitting into a cup-like cavity, allowing multiaxial movement including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.

D. Pivot joint: Pivot joints allow rotational movement around a single axis, such as the atlantoaxial joint, but do not permit flexion or abduction.