A patient undergoes a routine urinalysis as part of her yearly check-up. The results indicate the presence of protein in her urine. What is this a sign of?
Infection
Bleed
Diabetes
Liver failure
Kidney disease
The Correct Answer is E
A. Infection: Some infections (esp. urinary tract infections) can cause transient proteinuria, but infection is not the most specific cause.
B. Bleed: Bleeding (hematuria) shows blood in urine, not protein as the defining marker.
C. Diabetes: Diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) commonly causes persistent proteinuria, but proteinuria itself more directly indicates renal involvement.
D. Liver failure: Liver disease does not typically cause proteinuria as a primary finding.
E. Kidney disease: Protein in the urine (proteinuria) is most directly a sign of kidney dysfunction/glomerular damage (though causes include diabetes, hypertension, infection, etc.).
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. 70-year-old with congestive heart failure: Older age and chronic illness can increase infection risk (reduced reserve, hospitalizations), but CHF itself does not specifically cause profound immune suppression.
B. 18-year-old with diabetes: Diabetes (especially if poorly controlled) increases susceptibility to infection and some opportunists, but risk depends on glycaemic control and complications.
C. 24-year-old who is immunocompromised: Immunocompromised individuals (e.g., from HIV, chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs) have impaired host defenses and are at greatest risk for opportunistic infections.
D. 30-year-old with pneumonia: Pneumonia is an acute infectious illness that can weaken the host, but it does not by itself confer the same chronic susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens as an immunocompromised state.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. the count/percentage of each white blood cell types: A differential provides the relative percentages (and often absolute counts) of WBC types - neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils.
B. the count / percentage of all blood cells: The CBC reports totals for RBCs and platelets too, but the differential specifically breaks down white cell types.
C. neutrophils / erythrocytes/ eosinophils / platelets: Erythrocytes and platelets are not part of the WBC differential.
D. neutrophils / eosinophils / basophils / erythrocytes: Includes erythrocytes (RBCs), which are not part of the WBC differential.
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