A person experiences a runny nose and watery eyes after volunteering at the animal shelter. What type of immunity did this person gain through this exposure?
Natural Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Passive Immunity
Innate Immunity
The Correct Answer is D
Rationale:
A. The term "natural immunity" is sometimes used ambiguously. In immunology, it can refer to innate immunity, but in this context, the person is experiencing an immediate reaction to allergens (animal dander), which is not the development of long-term immunity.
B. Acquired (or adaptive) immunity develops after exposure to a specific pathogen and involves antigen-specific responses, such as the production of antibodies by B cells or activation of T cells. The runny nose and watery eyes are symptoms of an allergic reaction, not adaptive immune protection.
C. Passive immunity occurs when preformed antibodies are transferred from another individual or source, such as mother to fetus via placenta or via immunoglobulin therapy. The person in this scenario did not receive antibodies; they are reacting to environmental allergens.
D. Innate immunity is the body’s nonspecific first line of defense. It includes physical barriers (skin, mucosa), chemical defenses, and immune cells that respond immediately to foreign substances. In this case, the runny nose and watery eyes reflect an immediate hypersensitivity reaction, which is mediated by the innate and early immune response, particularly mast cells releasing histamine upon allergen exposure. This response is nonspecific and occurs upon first contact, fitting within the innate immune framework.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. This describes a fissure, which is a linear tear or crack in the skin, often caused by dryness, trauma, or infection. Fissures are not flat and involve disruption of the skin surface, unlike a macule.
B. A macule is a small, flat, non-palpable area of skin that is different in color from the surrounding tissue. Examples include freckles, flat moles, or certain rashes. Macules are usually less than 1 cm in diameter and do not involve elevation or fluid accumulation.
C. This describes a vesicle, which is raised and fluid-filled. Vesicles are seen in conditions like chickenpox, herpes simplex, or contact dermatitis. Unlike macules, vesicles are palpable and elevated.
D. This describes a papule or nodule, which is solid, raised, and can vary in size. Examples include warts or small skin tumors. Macules are flat and non-palpable, so this description does not fit.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, usually as an adaptive response to chronic irritation or stress (e.g., in the respiratory tract of smokers). Muscle cells do not undergo metaplasia when immobilized in a cast.
B. Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, leading to tissue enlargement. Muscle cells are generally unable to increase in number; instead, they respond by changing size, not cell count.
C. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and function due to reduced use, nutrition, or stimulation. When a limb is immobilized in a cast, muscle cells are not being regularly stimulated, resulting in muscle wasting, weakness, and decreased tissue mass. This is a classic example of disuse atrophy.
D. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size and tissue mass, often in response to increased workload or demand, such as weight training. A casted limb experiences reduced activity, making hypertrophy impossible in this scenario.
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