A week after a client suffered a high thoracic spinal cord injury in a motor vehicle collision, the blood pressure suddenly rises to 196/126 mm Hg. Which physiological sign(s) should the nurse identify that the client is exhibiting autonomic dysreflexia? select all that apply.
Flushed face.
Urinary urgency.
Pain.
Pale lower extremity.
Bradycardia.
Correct Answer : A,D,E
Rationale:
A. Flushed face: Autonomic dysreflexia causes an exaggerated sympathetic response below the level of injury and a parasympathetic response above it. Vasodilation above the injury leads to facial flushing, nasal congestion, and a warm sensation in the upper body.
B. Urinary urgency: The client typically cannot sense bladder fullness due to spinal cord disruption. Instead, bladder distention acts as the trigger for autonomic dysreflexia, but the client does not perceive urgency because of impaired sensation below the injury level.
C. Pain: Clients with high thoracic or cervical spinal cord injuries do not feel pain below the level of injury. Although pain can sometimes precipitate autonomic dysreflexia, the condition itself does not cause a conscious pain sensation.
D. Pale lower extremity: Vasoconstriction occurs below the level of injury due to excessive sympathetic discharge. This results in cool, pale skin and decreased perfusion in the lower extremities while the upper body shows flushing.
E. Bradycardia: The baroreceptor reflex activates parasympathetic stimulation in response to severe hypertension, resulting in reflex bradycardia. This slowed heart rate is a hallmark feature of autonomic dysreflexia and helps differentiate it from other hypertensive crises.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Clear fluid leaking from the nose: Clear drainage from the nose following head trauma suggests a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, often from a basilar skull fracture. This finding requires immediate intervention because it increases the risk of meningitis and indicates a potential breach in the meningeal barrier protecting the brain.
B. Sluggish pupillary response to light: A delayed pupillary reaction may signal mild increased intracranial pressure or localized nerve injury. While important to monitor, it does not demand the same urgent response as a suspected CSF leak.
C. Periorbital ecchymosis of right eye: “Raccoon eyes” or bruising around the eyes may indicate a skull base fracture, but alone it is not an emergency unless accompanied by CSF leakage or neurological deterioration. It should be documented and reported for diagnostic evaluation.
D. Troubled with a severe headache: Headache is a common symptom following head trauma due to concussion or contusion. It requires monitoring and pain management but is not as critical as identifying a CSF leak, which signifies a more severe underlying injury.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Assist the client to perform vagal maneuver or bear down: The ECG shows supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with a very rapid, regular rhythm. While vagal maneuvers may help slow the rate in stable clients, this client’s hypotension (78/52 mm Hg) and presyncope indicate instability.
B. Give an anticholinergic medication: Anticholinergic agents like atropine are used for bradyarrhythmias, not for tachycardia. Administering such a drug would further increase the heart rate and worsen myocardial oxygen demand in this client with suspected myocardial infarction.
C. Administer a sedative and cardiovert the client: The rhythm and symptoms indicate unstable supraventricular tachycardia. Synchronized cardioversion is the immediate treatment for unstable tachyarrhythmias with a pulse to restore sinus rhythm and improve perfusion. Sedation is given beforehand if the client is conscious.
D. Give a beta blocker medication: Beta blockers are appropriate for stable tachyarrhythmias but can dangerously lower blood pressure in an unstable patient. The client’s hypotension and near-syncope require electrical rather than pharmacologic intervention.
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