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Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is the glomerular filtrate by the__________.

A.

esophageal glands

B.

pharyngeal constrictors

C.

the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

D.

the upper esophageal sphincter

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Esophageal glands secrete mucus to lubricate the esophagus, but they do not cause acid reflux.

B. Pharyngeal constrictors are muscles that help in the swallowing process, not in preventing acid reflux.

C. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach. If the LES is weakened or relaxes inappropriately, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing acid reflux or "heartburn."

D. The upper esophageal sphincter controls the passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus, but it is not involved in preventing acid reflux.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The liver in a newborn (neonate) plays a crucial role in metabolism, detoxification, and the production of vital proteins and enzymes. However, the liver itself does not process food, extract nutrients, or eliminate residue in the context of digestion. These functions are primarily carried out by the digestive system, including the stomach, intestines, and other associated organs. Therefore, this statement is false.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Trypsin functions in the small intestine, where the environment is slightly alkaline. Therefore, this enzyme does not function at a low pH.

B. Pancreatic amylase also functions in the small intestine, where the pH is neutral to slightly alkaline.

C. Pepsin functions in the stomach, where the environment is highly acidic (pH 1.5 to 2). Pepsin is the correct answer because it works optimally at this low pH.

D. Salivary amylase functions in the mouth, where the pH is neutral or slightly alkaline.

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