Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is the glomerular filtrate by the__________.
esophageal glands
pharyngeal constrictors
the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
the upper esophageal sphincter
The Correct Answer is C
A. Esophageal glands secrete mucus to lubricate the esophagus, but they do not cause acid reflux.
B. Pharyngeal constrictors are muscles that help in the swallowing process, not in preventing acid reflux.
C. The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach. If the LES is weakened or relaxes inappropriately, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing acid reflux or "heartburn."
D. The upper esophageal sphincter controls the passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus, but it is not involved in preventing acid reflux.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Estrogen is a hormone involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, but it is not the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH) surges just before ovulation but is not the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
C. Progesterone supports pregnancy by maintaining the uterine lining, but it is not the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
D. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the hormone produced by the placenta shortly after implantation, and it is the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Diuretics increase urine output by inhibiting the reabsorption of water and sodium in the kidneys, which leads to increased water loss. This action is opposite to water conservation, making this the correct answer.
B. The counter current exchange system in the kidneys helps conserve water by maintaining a high osmolarity in the medulla, which facilitates the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts. This system contributes to water conservation.
C. The collecting duct plays a crucial role in water reabsorption. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, contributing to water conservation.
D. The counter current multiplier is a mechanism in the loop of Henle that creates a concentration gradient in the kidney medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. It contributes to water conservation.
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