All of the following characteristics of glomerulonephritis are correct except:
Azotemia
Hematuria with red cell casts
Oliguria and hypertension
An increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of >100
The Correct Answer is D
A. Azotemia: Azotemia, or elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, is a common feature of glomerulonephritis due to reduced kidney filtration capacity and accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
B. Hematuria with red cell casts: Hematuria with red blood cell casts is a classic hallmark of glomerulonephritis, indicating glomerular bleeding and inflammation. These casts are formed in the nephron and reflect active glomerular injury.
C. Oliguria and hypertension: Both are characteristic findings in glomerulonephritis. Oliguria results from impaired filtration, while hypertension develops due to fluid retention and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
D. An increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of >100: Glomerulonephritis typically leads to a decreased GFR, not an increase. Inflammation and damage to the glomeruli impair the kidneys' ability to filter blood effectively, resulting in reduced GFR and waste accumulation.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
The adrenal cortex is vital for life because it produces key hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, stress responses, and immune function. Aldosterone maintains sodium and potassium balance, crucial for blood pressure and fluid regulation. Without these hormones, the body cannot sustain essential physiological processes.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Calcium carbonate: This is commonly used as a phosphate binder in patients with renal failure and hyperphosphatemia. It works by binding dietary phosphate in the gut, reducing its absorption, and thereby helping to lower serum phosphate levels.
B. Sensipar (Cinacalcet): Cinacalcet is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease. It works by increasing the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland to lower PTH levels.
C. Levothyroxine: This is a synthetic thyroid hormone used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. It does not have any role in managing phosphate levels in renal failure patients.
D. Vitamin D (Calcitriol): Calcitriol helps manage hypocalcemia and suppresses parathyroid hormone secretion in CKD. However, it may increase phosphate absorption from the gut, potentially worsening hyperphosphatemia if not carefully monitored.
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