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The adrenal cortex hormones include all of the following except:

A.

Androgens (sex hormones)

B.

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

C.

Epinephrine

D.

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. Androgens (sex hormones): These are produced in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex. They contribute to the development of secondary sex characteristics and have a minor role compared to gonadal hormones.

B. Glucocorticoids (cortisol): Cortisol is synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the stress response, making it a key adrenal cortical hormone.

C. Epinephrine: This hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla, not the cortex. It plays a major role in the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate and blood glucose levels during stress.

D. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): Aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It is essential for sodium retention, potassium excretion, and blood pressure regulation.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. The patient requires painful stimuli to elicit a response and has no purposeful movement: This indicates a severe decrease in consciousness where the patient is minimally responsive, unable to respond to verbal stimuli, and shows no purposeful movement. It reflects significant brain dysfunction and is often seen in severe brain injury or coma.

B. The patient is drowsy but responds to verbal stimuli appropriately: This describes mild to moderate impairment of consciousness, where the patient is lethargic but still able to respond meaningfully to verbal commands, indicating a less severe condition.

C. The patient responds to commands but is slow to do so: A slowed response suggests some cognitive or neurological impairment but not a severe decrease in consciousness. The patient remains alert enough to follow instructions, albeit slowly.

D. The patient can follow simple commands like "open your eyes": This shows the patient is conscious and able to interact, reflecting a mild or normal level of consciousness rather than severe impairment.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Calcium carbonate: This is commonly used as a phosphate binder in patients with renal failure and hyperphosphatemia. It works by binding dietary phosphate in the gut, reducing its absorption, and thereby helping to lower serum phosphate levels.

B. Sensipar (Cinacalcet): Cinacalcet is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease. It works by increasing the sensitivity of calcium-sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland to lower PTH levels.

C. Levothyroxine: This is a synthetic thyroid hormone used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. It does not have any role in managing phosphate levels in renal failure patients.

D. Vitamin D (Calcitriol): Calcitriol helps manage hypocalcemia and suppresses parathyroid hormone secretion in CKD. However, it may increase phosphate absorption from the gut, potentially worsening hyperphosphatemia if not carefully monitored.

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