Anemia may occur with end-stage renal failure due to::
Decreased kidney production of erythropoietin.
Increased hemoglobin levels in the blood.
Decreased red blood cell destruction.
Increased glomerular filtration in the kidneys.
The Correct Answer is A
A. Decreased kidney production of erythropoietin is correct because in end-stage renal failure, the kidneys lose their ability to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Without sufficient erythropoietin, red blood cell production decreases, leading to anemia. This is one of the most common causes of anemia in chronic kidney disease.
B. Increased hemoglobin levels in the blood is incorrect because anemia is characterized by decreased hemoglobin levels, not increased. End-stage renal disease leads to reduced red blood cell production, which lowers hemoglobin levels.
C. Decreased red blood cell destruction is incorrect because decreased destruction would actually increase red blood cell count, not cause anemia. In renal failure, anemia is mainly due to decreased production, not reduced destruction.
D. Increased glomerular filtration in the kidneys is incorrect because end-stage renal failure is associated with a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), not increased. Reduced filtration contributes to the accumulation of waste products but does not directly cause anemia in the way decreased erythropoietin does.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. A mole that is smaller than 6 mm is incorrect because while size can be a factor in melanoma, smaller moles are generally less concerning. Melanomas are often larger than 6 mm, but early lesions can be smaller, so size alone is not the most alarming sign.
B. A mole that resembles all other moles on the body is incorrect because this represents the “E” or “evolution” principle in dermatology, meaning moles that are similar to surrounding moles are less likely to be malignant. Melanoma often stands out as different from other moles (the “ugly duckling” sign).
C. A mole with multiple colors is correct because the “C” in the ABCD mnemonic stands for Color. A mole with multiple shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue is concerning for melanoma. Variation in color reflects abnormal melanocyte activity and irregular pigment deposition, which is a hallmark of malignant change.
D. A mole with symmetrical borders is incorrect because symmetrical moles are generally less concerning. The “B” in ABCD stands for Border, and irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined borders are a warning sign of melanoma. Symmetry is more characteristic of benign nevi.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Macule is incorrect because a macule is a flat, non-palpable lesion that represents a change in skin color. Examples include freckles or flat rashes. Macules do not contain fluid or pus, nor are they raised.
B. Pustule is correct because a pustule is a small, elevated, erythematous lesion that contains purulent material (pus). Pustules are commonly seen in infections such as acne, impetigo, or folliculitis. The presence of pus indicates an inflammatory response to infection, trauma, or obstruction of a gland.
C. Papule is incorrect because a papule is a solid, raised lesion without fluid. Papules can be caused by a variety of dermatologic conditions such as warts or early stages of acne, but they do not contain pus.
D. Nodule is incorrect because a nodule is a larger, solid, firm lesion that extends deeper into the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. Nodules can result from cysts, tumors, or chronic inflammatory processes, but they are not typically associated with purulent exudate.
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