Stress incontinence may be best described as:
Loss of urine associated with the inability to reach the toilet in time due to physical limitations.
Continuous dribbling of urine due to bladder overdistention.
Leakage of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as when coughing or sneezing
Involuntary urination that occurs during deep sleep.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Loss of urine associated with the inability to reach the toilet in time due to physical limitations is incorrect because this describes functional incontinence. In this condition, the urinary system is usually intact, but the client cannot reach the toilet in time due to barriers such as impaired mobility, environmental obstacles, or cognitive impairment. The problem is not with bladder control, but with the ability to access toileting facilities.
B. Continuous dribbling of urine due to bladder overdistention is incorrect because this describes overflow incontinence. This occurs when the bladder becomes overly full and cannot empty properly, often due to obstruction or weak bladder muscles. As a result, urine leaks out in small amounts continuously. This type of incontinence is associated with urinary retention rather than sudden pressure-related leakage.
C. Leakage of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as when coughing or sneezing is correct because stress incontinence occurs when weakened pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter allow urine to escape when intra-abdominal pressure rises. Activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting increase pressure in the abdomen, which overcomes the weakened sphincter and causes leakage. There is typically no urge to void before the leakage, which helps distinguish it from other types such as urge incontinence.
D. Involuntary urination that occurs during deep sleep is incorrect because this describes nocturnal enuresis, also known as bedwetting. This condition is more common in children but can also occur in adults due to sleep disturbances or neurological conditions. It is not related to increased intra-abdominal pressure or sphincter weakness during physical activity
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Macule is incorrect because a macule is a flat, non-palpable lesion that represents a change in skin color. Examples include freckles or flat rashes. Macules do not contain fluid or pus, nor are they raised.
B. Pustule is correct because a pustule is a small, elevated, erythematous lesion that contains purulent material (pus). Pustules are commonly seen in infections such as acne, impetigo, or folliculitis. The presence of pus indicates an inflammatory response to infection, trauma, or obstruction of a gland.
C. Papule is incorrect because a papule is a solid, raised lesion without fluid. Papules can be caused by a variety of dermatologic conditions such as warts or early stages of acne, but they do not contain pus.
D. Nodule is incorrect because a nodule is a larger, solid, firm lesion that extends deeper into the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. Nodules can result from cysts, tumors, or chronic inflammatory processes, but they are not typically associated with purulent exudate.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Decreased kidney production of erythropoietin is correct because in end-stage renal failure, the kidneys lose their ability to produce adequate amounts of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Without sufficient erythropoietin, red blood cell production decreases, leading to anemia. This is one of the most common causes of anemia in chronic kidney disease.
B. Increased hemoglobin levels in the blood is incorrect because anemia is characterized by decreased hemoglobin levels, not increased. End-stage renal disease leads to reduced red blood cell production, which lowers hemoglobin levels.
C. Decreased red blood cell destruction is incorrect because decreased destruction would actually increase red blood cell count, not cause anemia. In renal failure, anemia is mainly due to decreased production, not reduced destruction.
D. Increased glomerular filtration in the kidneys is incorrect because end-stage renal failure is associated with a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), not increased. Reduced filtration contributes to the accumulation of waste products but does not directly cause anemia in the way decreased erythropoietin does.
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