Stress incontinence may be best described as:
Loss of urine associated with the inability to reach the toilet in time due to physical limitations.
Continuous dribbling of urine due to bladder overdistention.
Leakage of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as when coughing or sneezing
Involuntary urination that occurs during deep sleep.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Loss of urine associated with the inability to reach the toilet in time due to physical limitations is incorrect because this describes functional incontinence. In this condition, the urinary system is usually intact, but the client cannot reach the toilet in time due to barriers such as impaired mobility, environmental obstacles, or cognitive impairment. The problem is not with bladder control, but with the ability to access toileting facilities.
B. Continuous dribbling of urine due to bladder overdistention is incorrect because this describes overflow incontinence. This occurs when the bladder becomes overly full and cannot empty properly, often due to obstruction or weak bladder muscles. As a result, urine leaks out in small amounts continuously. This type of incontinence is associated with urinary retention rather than sudden pressure-related leakage.
C. Leakage of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as when coughing or sneezing is correct because stress incontinence occurs when weakened pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter allow urine to escape when intra-abdominal pressure rises. Activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting increase pressure in the abdomen, which overcomes the weakened sphincter and causes leakage. There is typically no urge to void before the leakage, which helps distinguish it from other types such as urge incontinence.
D. Involuntary urination that occurs during deep sleep is incorrect because this describes nocturnal enuresis, also known as bedwetting. This condition is more common in children but can also occur in adults due to sleep disturbances or neurological conditions. It is not related to increased intra-abdominal pressure or sphincter weakness during physical activity
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Increased venous pressure causing edema in the legs is incorrect because edema and venous congestion are associated with venous insufficiency, not intermittent claudication. Intermittent claudication is an arterial problem, not a venous one.
B. Decreased blood flow in leg muscles due to atherosclerosis is correct because atherosclerotic plaques narrow the arteries, reducing oxygen-rich blood flow to the muscles during activity. When the leg muscles require more oxygen during exercise or walking, the insufficient blood supply leads to ischemia, causing pain, cramping, or fatigue. This pain typically resolves with rest, which is why it is called intermittent claudication.
C. Increased cardiac output leading to muscle fatigue is incorrect because the pain is not due to cardiac output. While heart function affects overall perfusion, intermittent claudication is localized ischemic pain in the leg muscles caused by arterial obstruction, not by the heart pumping more blood.
D. Decreased stimulation of nerves in the leg muscles is incorrect because the pain results from ischemia, not nerve inactivity. In fact, nerve endings in the muscles may contribute to the sensation of pain due to oxygen deprivation, but the primary cause is reduced arterial blood flow.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]
Explanation
A. Pallor is correct because anemia results in reduced red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels, which decreases the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. Pallor is most noticeable in areas where the skin is thin or highly vascularized, such as the face, conjunctiva, lips, nail beds, and mucous membranes. This is a classic and often early sign of anemia.
B. Fatigue is correct because tissues and organs receive less oxygen, which is necessary for cellular metabolism and energy production. The reduced oxygen delivery leads to muscle weakness, low endurance, and a persistent feeling of tiredness, even after rest. Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms of anemia.
C. Dyspnea is correct because the body tries to compensate for the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by increasing respiratory rate and depth. This can cause shortness of breath, especially during exertion or activity, as the lungs attempt to supply more oxygen to the tissues. Chronic anemia can also lead to exertional dyspnea at relatively low levels of activity.
D. Bradycardia is incorrect because anemia typically causes tachycardia, not bradycardia. The heart beats faster to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to vital organs when hemoglobin levels are low. Bradycardia would not be a compensatory response to anemia and may indicate a separate cardiac issue.
E. Dizziness is correct because the brain may receive insufficient oxygen, especially during sudden position changes or physical activity, leading to lightheadedness, vertigo, or fainting (syncope). Dizziness is a reflection of the central nervous system’s sensitivity to hypoxia caused by anemia.
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