Pulmonary edema can be best described as:
Bronchoconstriction of the airway.
Irreversible, abnormal widening of the bronchi.
Fluid collection in the alveoli.
Infection of the pleural cavity.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Bronchoconstriction of the airway is incorrect because bronchoconstriction refers to narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles, as seen in asthma. Pulmonary edema involves fluid in the alveoli, not constriction of the airways.
B. Irreversible, abnormal widening of the bronchi is incorrect because this describes bronchiectasis, a chronic condition involving permanent dilation of the bronchi due to repeated infections or inflammation. It is unrelated to the fluid accumulation characteristic of pulmonary edema.
C. Fluid collection in the alveoli is correct because pulmonary edema occurs when excess fluid leaks from pulmonary capillaries into the alveolar spaces, impairing gas exchange. This fluid may result from increased hydrostatic pressure in left-sided heart failure (cardiogenic edema), capillary damage due to ARDS or toxins (non-cardiogenic edema), or fluid overload. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, orthopnea, frothy or pink-tinged sputum, crackles on auscultation, and hypoxemia. Pulmonary edema can progress rapidly and lead to respiratory failure if untreated.
D. Infection of the pleural cavity is incorrect because this describes empyema, not pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema involves the alveoli, whereas empyema is pus in the pleural space often secondary to pneumonia or thoracic infection.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]
Explanation
A. Development of an odd-shaped lesion or new mole is correct because new or unusually shaped lesions can indicate abnormal cell growth. The appearance of a mole that differs from existing moles (the “ugly duckling” sign) is a warning sign of potential skin cancer.
B. A lesion that does not heal is correct because non-healing sores, ulcers, or lesions can indicate skin malignancy, particularly squamous cell carcinoma or melanoma. Persistent lesions should be evaluated promptly.
C. A change in the shape, color, or size of a mole is correct because changes in a mole are part of the ABCDE warning signs of melanoma. Rapid changes or irregular features are concerning for malignancy.
D. Freckles that darken slightly with sun exposure is incorrect because normal freckles darken with UV exposure but are not considered warning signs. This is a physiologic response to sunlight, not indicative of cancer.
E. Skin lesions that repeatedly bleed is correct because recurrent bleeding, especially from a mole, lesion, or sore, is a classic warning sign of malignant transformation. Bleeding often occurs due to fragile, abnormal blood vessels within the lesion.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. A loss of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets is incorrect because sickle-cell anemia primarily affects red blood cells. White blood cells and platelets are usually unaffected in terms of production; the condition does not cause a pancytopenia like aplastic anemia.
B. Abnormally-shaped red blood cells that cause obstruction of small blood vessels is correct because sickle-cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, resulting in hemoglobin S. Under low oxygen conditions, hemoglobin S polymerizes, causing red blood cells to become rigid, crescent-shaped (sickle-shaped), and less flexible. These sickled cells block small blood vessels, leading to vaso-occlusion, ischemia, pain crises, and organ damage. Additionally, sickled cells are prone to hemolysis, resulting in chronic anemia.
C. Increased numbers of circulating red blood cells and hemoglobin is incorrect because sickle-cell anemia results in hemolytic anemia, meaning red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels are reduced, not increased.
D. Decreased red blood cells due to a lack of intrinsic factor is incorrect because this describes pernicious anemia, not sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic hemoglobinopathy, not a vitamin B12 absorption issue.
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