Burns involving only the epidermis, leading to pain and redness without the presence of blisters, are classified as burns.
Third-degree (full-thickness)
Second-degree (partial thickness)
Fourth-degree (full-thickness)
First-degree (superficial)
The Correct Answer is D
A. Third-degree (full-thickness) is incorrect because third-degree burns extend through the entire epidermis and dermis and may involve underlying tissues such as fat, muscle, or bone. These burns are typically painless due to nerve destruction and often appear white, leathery, or charred. Blisters are usually absent because the dermis is destroyed.
B. Second-degree (partial thickness) is incorrect because second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis. They are characterized by redness, blistering, and severe pain. Partial-thickness burns may be superficial or deep depending on how much of the dermis is affected.
C. Fourth-degree (full-thickness) is incorrect because fourth-degree burns extend beyond the skin into underlying tissues, including muscle, tendon, or bone. These burns are severe, often painless due to nerve destruction, and require surgical intervention.
D. First-degree (superficial) is correct because first-degree burns affect only the epidermis. They cause redness, mild swelling, and pain, but blisters are absent. Common causes include mild sunburn or brief contact with hot objects. First-degree burns typically heal within 3–7 days without scarring, as only the outermost layer of skin is damaged.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Asthma is incorrect because asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by bronchospasm, airway hyperreactivity, and mucus production, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, and cough. It does not involve alveolar filling with fluid or exudate, so gas exchange is not directly impaired in the same way as pneumonia.
B. Emphysema is incorrect because emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which alveolar walls are destroyed, causing enlarged air spaces and reduced surface area for gas exchange. While gas exchange is impaired, emphysema is not an acute infection and does not present with fever or productive cough from alveolar exudate.
C. Sinusitis is incorrect because sinusitis is an infection or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, leading to facial pain, nasal congestion, and purulent nasal discharge. It does not directly affect the alveoli or oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs.
D. Pneumonia is correct because pneumonia is an infection of the lungs in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, pus, or cellular debris due to bacterial, viral, fungal, or other infectious agents. This alveolar filling impairs oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, resulting in dyspnea, productive cough (often with sputum), fever, chills, and chest pain. Pneumonia can be community-acquired or hospital-acquired, and severity ranges from mild to life-threatening depending on the pathogen and the patient’s immune status.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Urolithiasis is correct because it specifically refers to the presence of stones, or calculi, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. These stones form when minerals and salts in the urine crystallize and aggregate, often due to factors such as dehydration, urinary stasis, metabolic disorders, or dietary imbalances. Urolithiasis can lead to severe symptoms, including sudden flank or abdominal pain, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, and urinary obstruction. Complications may include hydronephrosis, infection, and chronic kidney damage if stones are not treated.
B. Pyelonephritis is incorrect because this term refers to an infection of the kidneys and renal pelvis, usually caused by bacteria ascending from the lower urinary tract. While stones can predispose a person to pyelonephritis by causing obstruction and urine stasis, pyelonephritis itself is an inflammatory infection, not the presence of calculi.
C. Urethritis is incorrect because it describes inflammation or infection of the urethra. Urethritis is commonly caused by bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections, and is unrelated to stone formation. Symptoms typically include dysuria, urethral discharge, and sometimes itching, but calculi are not involved.
D. Cystitis is incorrect because cystitis refers to inflammation or infection of the bladder. While bladder stones can irritate the bladder and contribute to cystitis, cystitis itself does not indicate the presence of stones. Typical symptoms of cystitis include urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic discomfort.
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