Burns involving only the epidermis, leading to pain and redness without the presence of blisters, are classified as burns.
Third-degree (full-thickness)
Second-degree (partial thickness)
Fourth-degree (full-thickness)
First-degree (superficial)
The Correct Answer is D
A. Third-degree (full-thickness) is incorrect because third-degree burns extend through the entire epidermis and dermis and may involve underlying tissues such as fat, muscle, or bone. These burns are typically painless due to nerve destruction and often appear white, leathery, or charred. Blisters are usually absent because the dermis is destroyed.
B. Second-degree (partial thickness) is incorrect because second-degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis. They are characterized by redness, blistering, and severe pain. Partial-thickness burns may be superficial or deep depending on how much of the dermis is affected.
C. Fourth-degree (full-thickness) is incorrect because fourth-degree burns extend beyond the skin into underlying tissues, including muscle, tendon, or bone. These burns are severe, often painless due to nerve destruction, and require surgical intervention.
D. First-degree (superficial) is correct because first-degree burns affect only the epidermis. They cause redness, mild swelling, and pain, but blisters are absent. Common causes include mild sunburn or brief contact with hot objects. First-degree burns typically heal within 3–7 days without scarring, as only the outermost layer of skin is damaged.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Leukopenia is incorrect because leukopenia refers to a reduction in the number of white blood cells (WBCs). This condition can occur in bone marrow suppression, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or chemotherapy. A low WBC count indicates weakened immune defense, which is the opposite of leukocytosis.
B. Thrombocytopenia is incorrect because thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in platelets, the blood components responsible for clotting. While low platelets can lead to bleeding complications, they are not related to white blood cell counts or immune responses.
C. Thrombocytosis is incorrect because thrombocytosis refers to an increase in platelet count, which may occur during inflammation, infection, or certain bone marrow disorders. Although platelets can play a role in the inflammatory response, thrombocytosis specifically affects clotting, not the number of white blood cells.
D. Leukocytosis is correct because leukocytosis is an increase in the total number of white blood cells in the blood. It is a common response to infection, inflammation, stress, trauma, or tissue injury. White blood cells are crucial components of the immune system that help the body identify, attack, and destroy pathogens. In clinical practice, leukocytosis is often used as a diagnostic marker for infections or inflammatory conditions, and the differential count can provide more detailed information about which type of WBC is elevated (neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, etc.), helping guide treatment decisions.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Western European is incorrect because sickle cell anemia is rare among individuals of Western European descent. While carriers exist, the prevalence is much lower than in populations of African ancestry.
B. Native American is incorrect because sickle cell anemia is uncommon in Native American populations. Other hemoglobinopathies, like thalassemia, may be more prevalent in specific indigenous groups.
C. African is correct because sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutation in the HBB gene, which affects the beta chain of hemoglobin. This mutation leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin S, causing red blood cells to adopt a sickle shape under low oxygen conditions. Sickle-shaped cells are rigid, sticky, and prone to hemolysis, leading to anemia, vaso-occlusive crises, and organ damage. The gene is more commonly found in individuals of African descent, as heterozygosity (carriers) provides some protection against malaria, which historically explains the high prevalence in Africa.
D. Asian is incorrect because sickle cell anemia is relatively rare in Asian populations. Other hemoglobin disorders, such as thalassemia, are more common in Southeast Asian and Mediterranean populations.
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