High concentrations of solutes, like sugar or salt, results in plasmolysis of cells. The reason for this is

A. Consists of an apoenzyme plus a cofactor:
A holoenzyme is the complete, active enzyme composed of the protein portion (apoenzyme) together with its required nonprotein component (cofactor or prosthetic group); the holoenzyme is catalytically functional.

B. Is inactive:
The inactive form is typically the apoenzyme (enzyme protein without its cofactor); the holoenzyme denotes the active, fully assembled enzyme.

C. Is a non-protein component of an enzyme:
Non-protein components are cofactors or prosthetic groups; the holoenzyme includes both protein and non-protein parts, so it is not solely the non-protein component.

D. An enzyme without an active site:
An enzyme lacking an active site would be nonfunctional and is not the definition of a holoenzyme; holoenzymes contain the active site within the apoenzyme and are functional when combined with their cofactors.

A. Temperature and pH affect the rate of substrate binding:
Temperature and pH can influence binding rates indirectly, but this statement does not capture the primary shared mechanism by which extreme temperature or pH reduce enzyme activity.

B. Temperature and pH both induce an enzyme to lose its precise three-dimensional shape:
Both heat and extreme pH disrupt noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions) that maintain tertiary and quaternary structure, causing loss of the active-site geometry and reduced catalytic activity.

C. Temperature and pH change the activation energy of the reaction:
Activation energy is an inherent property of a given catalyzed reaction; enzymes lower activation energy, but temperature and pH typically affect enzyme structure and kinetics rather than directly altering the chemical activation energy of the catalyzed step.

D. Temperature and pH change the ionization state of cofactors:
pH can change ionization states of cofactors and active-site residues; temperature less directly changes ionization state, so this does not represent a common mechanism for both.

E. There is no common mechanism of temperature and pH effects on enzyme activity:
There is a common mechanism: both can disrupt the weak bonds that maintain native protein structure, leading to loss of function.