In a healthy kidney, very little ________ is filtered by the glomerulus.
Amino acids
Electrolytes
Glucose
Vitamins
protein
The Correct Answer is E
A. Amino acids: These small organic molecules are readily filtered through the glomerular basement membrane into the tubular fluid. In a healthy kidney, they are almost entirely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule via active transport. Their presence in initial filtrate is normal despite their later recovery.
B. Electrolytes: Ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride pass freely through the glomerular filtration barrier due to their small molecular size. The kidney filters massive quantities of these solutes daily to maintain osmotic and electrolytic balance. They are not restricted by the physical pores of the glomerulus.
C. Glucose: This hexose sugar is small enough to be filtered across the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space. Under normal glycemic conditions, the proximal tubules reabsorb 100% of the filtered glucose to prevent its loss in urine. Initial filtration of glucose is a standard physiological process.
D. Vitamins: Water-soluble vitamins are relatively small molecules that easily enter the nephron through the glomerular filtration process. The body then regulates their levels through selective tubular reabsorption or excretion. Their small size prevents them from being excluded by the glomerular filtration slits.
E. protein: Large plasma proteins, such as albumin, are restricted from the filtrate by the size-selective and charge-selective glomerular barrier. The fenestrated endothelium and podocyte slit diaphragms prevent the passage of these macromolecules into the nephron. Significant proteinuria indicates a breakdown in glomerular integrity.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Heme does not get converted into amino acids. Instead, heme is split into iron and a porphyrin ring. The iron is stored or reused, and the porphyrin ring is converted into biliverdin and then bilirubin for excretion. This pathway is completely different from protein hydrolysis.
B. Globin: The blue box leads to a pathway labeled “hydrolyzed to free amino acids.” This describes what happens to the globin portion of hemoglobin. Globin consists of protein chains, and when red blood cells are broken down, these protein chains are hydrolyzed into individual amino acids. The body then reuses these amino acids to build new proteins or for other metabolic functions. Therefore, box 2 represents globin.
C. Erythropoietin is not part of hemoglobin structure. It is a hormone that regulates red blood cell production. It is not broken down during
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. To aid in defecation and urination: This maneuver involves forced expiration against a closed glottis, which significantly increases intra-abdominal pressure. This pressure assists in the expulsion of abdominal contents during micturition, parturition, and defecation. It is a fundamental mechanical aid for these physiological processes.
B. As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest: CPR requires active chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain circulation and oxygenation. The Valsalva maneuver actually restricts venous return to the heart and would be counterproductive during resuscitation. It is not a component of emergency life support protocols.
C. To ventilate the lungs during eupnea: Eupnea refers to normal, quiet breathing, which relies on the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals. The Valsalva maneuver involves a voluntary cessation of airflow and high thoracic pressure. It is an intentional interruption of the normal ventilatory cycle.
D. To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs: The expulsion of air beyond the tidal volume is achieved through active exhalation using internal intercostals and abdominal muscles. During a Valsalva maneuver, no air is actually expelled because the glottis remains tightly closed. It creates pressure without air movement.
E. To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen: Clearing carbon monoxide requires the administration of high-concentration oxygen to displace the toxin from hemoglobin. Increasing intrathoracic pressure via the Valsalva maneuver does not facilitate gas exchange or toxin displacement. It focuses on mechanical pressure rather than chemical detoxification.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.