The _________ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.
gastric rugae
antrum
pyloric sphincter
fundus
cardial part
The Correct Answer is C
A. gastric rugae: These longitudinal mucosal folds allow the gastric corpus to expand and increase surface area during ingestion. They provide distensibility to accommodate large volumes of food bolus. Rugae do not possess the muscular contractility required to regulate transpyloric flow or gastric emptying.
B. antrum: The antrum represents the distal, funnel-like region of the stomach leading toward the small intestine. It facilitates the grinding of food into chyme through rhythmic peristaltic contractions. While it propels contents forward, it lacks the specialized sphincteric valve mechanism for flow regulation.
C. pyloric sphincter: This thickened ring of smooth muscle functions as a physiological valve at the gastroduodenal junction. It modulates the rate of chyme passage into the duodenum to ensure optimal neutralization and digestion. Its tonic contraction prevents the reflux of duodenal contents back into the stomach.
D. fundus: The fundus is the superior, dome-shaped portion of the stomach located above the esophageal opening. It primarily functions in the temporary storage of undigested food and gastric gases. It is anatomically distant from the duodenal junction and plays no role in outflow regulation.
E. cardial part: This region surrounds the esophageal orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach at the gastroesophageal junction. It contains the lower esophageal sphincter, which prevents acid reflux into the esophagus. It does not interact with the duodenum or manage distal gastric emptying.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Hormone at E - Growth Hormone (GH): The diagram indicates that hormone E is released from the anterior pituitary and targets the liver and skeletal muscles. In the liver, it stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) to promote systemic growth. Its action on skeletal muscle facilitates protein synthesis and tissue hypertrophy.
B. Hormone A - Prolactin (PRL): The diagram depicts hormone A traveling from the adenohypophysis to the mammary glands. This protein hormone is essential for initiating and maintaining milk production following parturition. Its secretion is regulated by hypothalamic dopamine, which serves as a primary prolactin-inhibiting factor.
C. Hormone B - Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): The pathway labeled B shows a tropic hormone targeting the thyroid gland. TSH stimulates the follicular cells of the thyroid to synthesize and release thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This hormone is a critical regulator of systemic basal metabolic rate and cellular heat production.
D. Hormone C - Gonadotropins (FSH and LH): Label C represents the gonadotropins, specifically follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, which target the testes and ovaries. These hormones regulate gametogenesis and the secretion of sex steroids like testosterone and estrogen. They are essential for the maintenance of reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics.
E. Hormone at D - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): The diagram shows hormone D being secreted from the anterior pituitary and traveling specifically to the adrenal gland. More specifically, it targets the adrenal cortex to regulate the production of steroid hormones. It is a critical component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Antibodies: The arrows point to Y-shaped proteins that are binding to multiple red blood cells simultaneously. These molecules represent agglutinins, which are antibodies that facilitate the clumping of cells during an immune response or mismatched transfusion. Their bivalent structure allows them to bridge and aggregate antigens.
B. Antigens: Antigens are the specific molecular markers located on the plasma membrane of the red blood cells to which antibodies bind. In the diagram, the antigens are the targets being gripped by the Y-shaped molecules, not the molecules indicated by the arrows. Antigens determine the specific blood group phenotype of the cell.
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