Many hours after a meal, alpha (a) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _______ which ______ blood glucose.
Insulin; lowers
glucagon: raises
glucagon, lowers
insulin, raises
glucocorticoids, raises
The Correct Answer is B
A. Insulin; lowers: Insulin is secreted by beta (β) cells in the pancreatic islets, primarily after meals when blood glucose is high. It lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage, not during fasting periods.
B. Glucagon; raises: Alpha (α) cells secrete glucagon during fasting or many hours after a meal. Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, ensuring a continuous supply of glucose for energy.
C. Glucagon; lowers: Glucagon does the opposite of lowering glucose; it elevates blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis during periods of low glucose availability.
D. Insulin; raises: Insulin lowers, not raises, blood glucose levels. Secretion of insulin after meals promotes glucose storage in cells rather than increasing circulating glucose.
E. Glucocorticoids; raises: Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, can increase blood glucose over time by promoting gluconeogenesis, but they are secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the pancreatic islets, and are not the primary hormone for immediate glucose regulation after fasting.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Negative feedback inhibition:Target organs commonly regulate the pituitary gland through negative feedback. When hormone levels rise in the blood, the target organs signal the pituitary to decrease secretion of stimulating hormones, maintaining homeostasis and preventing overproduction.
B. Up-regulation:Up-regulation refers to an increase in receptor numbers on target cells in response to low hormone levels. It affects cell sensitivity but does not directly regulate pituitary hormone secretion.
C. Positive feedback inhibition:Positive feedback amplifies responses rather than inhibiting them. This mechanism is rare in endocrine systems and is typically seen only in events like childbirth, not general pituitary regulation.
D. Antagonistic regulation:Antagonistic regulation occurs when hormones have opposite effects on target cells, but this does not describe the primary mechanism by which the pituitary is controlled by its target organs.
E. Down-regulation:Down-regulation refers to the decrease in receptor numbers on target cells in response to high hormone levels. It modulates target cell sensitivity but does not directly control pituitary hormone secretion.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Hypothalamus:The hypothalamus produces ADH, but it is not the target of its action. The hormone acts on other organs to regulate water balance, not on the hypothalamus itself.
B. Pancreas:The pancreas is involved in insulin and glucagon secretion and does not respond to ADH. It is not a target organ for this hormone.
C. Adrenal gland:The adrenal gland secretes hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline, but ADH does not act directly on it.
D. Kidneys:ADH primarily targets the kidneys, specifically the collecting ducts, to increase water reabsorption. This action reduces urine volume and helps maintain body fluid balance and blood pressure.
E. Anterior pituitary:The anterior pituitary is not a target of ADH; it is regulated by hypothalamic hormones but does not respond to ADH in controlling water balance.
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