Many hours after a meal, alpha (a) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _______ which ______ blood glucose.
Insulin; lowers
glucagon: raises
glucagon, lowers
insulin, raises
glucocorticoids, raises
The Correct Answer is B
A. Insulin; lowers: Insulin is secreted by beta (β) cells in the pancreatic islets, primarily after meals when blood glucose is high. It lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage, not during fasting periods.
B. Glucagon; raises: Alpha (α) cells secrete glucagon during fasting or many hours after a meal. Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, ensuring a continuous supply of glucose for energy.
C. Glucagon; lowers: Glucagon does the opposite of lowering glucose; it elevates blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis during periods of low glucose availability.
D. Insulin; raises: Insulin lowers, not raises, blood glucose levels. Secretion of insulin after meals promotes glucose storage in cells rather than increasing circulating glucose.
E. Glucocorticoids; raises: Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, can increase blood glucose over time by promoting gluconeogenesis, but they are secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the pancreatic islets, and are not the primary hormone for immediate glucose regulation after fasting.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Rh-positive:Rh-positive blood contains the D antigen, which can trigger an immune response in Rh-negative recipients. Therefore, it cannot be universally donated to all recipients.
B. ABO, Rh-negative:Type O, Rh-negative blood is considered the universal donor for red blood cells. It lacks A, B, and Rh antigens on the RBC surface, minimizing the risk of an immune reaction in recipients of any ABO or Rh type.
C. Rh-negative:While Rh-negative status avoids D antigen incompatibility, this choice does not specify the ABO type. Only O, Rh-negative blood lacks all major antigens, making it truly universal for RBC transfusion.
D. AB, Rh-positive:Type AB, Rh-positive blood has A, B, and D antigens on RBCs. It is not compatible with recipients who have antibodies against A, B, or Rh antigens, so it cannot serve as a universal donor.
E. AB, Rh-negative:Although Rh-negative avoids D antigen incompatibility, AB blood contains both A and B antigens, which can trigger immune reactions in recipients with anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Therefore, it is not a universal RBC donor.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Pulmonary artery:The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. It branches extensively into capillaries that surround each alveolus, allowing for efficient gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B. Inferior vena cava:The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium. It does not supply blood to the alveolar capillaries.
C. Vena cava:Both the superior and inferior vena cava return systemic venous blood to the heart but do not directly supply the lungs or alveoli with blood for gas exchange.
D. Aorta:The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. It is unrelated to the pulmonary capillary network surrounding alveoli.
E. Pulmonary vein:The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium. They collect blood from alveolar capillaries but do not supply the capillaries themselves.
F. Superior vena cava:The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium. It does not participate in supplying blood to alveoli.
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