The family of an 81-year-old woman asks the PMHNP to refrain from telling her that the most recent MRI reflects suspected Parkinson's disease. They reason that at her age, there is no point. Honesty is one of a PMHNP's core values, and not telling her client about the diagnosis would violate her values. What is this an example of?
Ethical dilemma
Ethical conflict
Moral relativism
Virtue signaling
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: An ethical dilemma occurs when two or more ethical principles are in direct opposition, and choosing one compromises the other. In this case, the PMHNP is not facing two competing ethical principles but rather a conflict between her values and the family's request.
Choice B reason: Ethical conflict arises when a healthcare provider’s personal or professional values clash with external pressures or requests, such as those from family members. Here, the PMHNP’s commitment to honesty and patient autonomy is in conflict with the family's desire to withhold information, making this a clear ethical conflict.
Choice C reason: Moral relativism is a philosophical stance that suggests moral judgments are based on cultural, societal, or personal perspectives, and no universal standard exists. While the family's reasoning may reflect moral relativism, the situation itself is not an example of this concept.
Choice D reason: Virtue signaling refers to expressing moral values primarily to gain approval or social status, often without genuine commitment. The PMHNP’s concern is rooted in professional ethics, not performative morality, so this term does not apply.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: The mu-opioid receptor is primarily responsible for the analgesic and euphoric effects of opioids, but it also mediates respiratory depression. Fentanyl, a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist, can cause life-threatening respiratory suppression, which is reversed by naloxone, a mu-opioid antagonist.
Choice B reason: The kappa-opioid receptor is involved in analgesia and dysphoria but does not significantly contribute to respiratory depression. Its activation may produce sedation but not the profound respiratory effects seen with mu receptor activation.
Choice C reason: The delta-opioid receptor plays a role in modulating mood and analgesia but is not primarily associated with respiratory depression. Its effects are less potent and less clinically relevant in overdose scenarios.
Choice D reason: Omega is not a recognized opioid receptor subtype. It is not involved in opioid pharmacodynamics and is not relevant to respiratory depression.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: The Department of Health and Human Services oversees public health programs and agencies but does not directly provide financial incentives for rare disease drug development.
Choice B reason: The National Organization for Rare Disorders advocates for patients and supports research, but it is not a legislative body and does not enact financial incentive programs.
Choice C reason: The Food and Drug Administration regulates drug approval and safety. While it administers the Orphan Drug Act, it is not the source of the legislation itself.
Choice D reason: The Orphan Drug Act, passed in 1983, provides financial incentives such as tax credits, grant funding, and market exclusivity to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop treatments for rare diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S.
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