The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does NOT contain a significant amount of
hormones
plasma protein
glucose
electrolytes
The Correct Answer is B
A. hormones: Most small hormones, particularly steroid and peptide hormones not bound to large carrier proteins, are small enough to pass through the filtration membrane. They are often found in the initial filtrate in the capsular space. Their presence does not distinguish filtrate from plasma significantly.
B. plasma protein: The basement membrane and filtration slits are negatively charged and sized to repel large proteins like albumin. Consequently, the filtrate is essentially protein-free under normal conditions. The absence of these macromolecules is the primary chemical difference between plasma and glomerular filtrate.
C. glucose: Glucose is a small, uncharged molecule that moves freely across the filtration membrane into the capsular space. The concentration of glucose in the initial filtrate is identical to its concentration in the plasma. It is later reabsorbed entirely by the proximal convoluted tubules.
D. electrolytes: Ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride are small enough to pass through the fenestrated capillaries and filtration slits without restriction. The electrolyte composition of the glomerular filtrate initially mirrors that of the blood plasma. Their balance is adjusted later during tubular processing.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. protein-regulated diffusion. Large plasma proteins like albumin are too big to pass through the filtration membrane and remain in the capillaries. They actually create a colloid osmotic pressure that pulls water back into the blood, opposing filtration. Diffusion is a passive movement of solutes, not the primary mechanical force driving the high-volume ultrafiltration of plasma.
B. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure). This is the blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries, which is typically much higher than in other capillary beds due to the high-resistance efferent arteriole. It serves as the dominant outward force that physically pushes water and small solutes through the filtration slits. It is the fundamental driver of the glomerular filtration rate.
C. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries. The fenestrations and filtration slits determine the permeability and selectivity of the filter, essentially acting as a sieve. While these pores permit the passage of substances, they do not provide the energy or force to move them. They represent a physical constraint on what can pass rather than a driving force.
D. the ionic electrochemical gradient. Electrochemical gradients primarily drive the movement of specific ions across tubular epithelial cells during reabsorption and secretion. Glomerular filtration is a non-selective, bulk-flow process driven by mechanical pressure rather than individual ion concentrations. The process is governed by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures according to Starling's law.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. urobilin: This pigment is a metabolic byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown and is responsible for the characteristic yellow color of urine. Its presence is expected as the kidneys filter urobilinogen from the blood, which then oxidizes. It is a normal physiological component of human urinary waste.
B. magnesium: Electrolytes like magnesium are filtered at the glomerulus and partially reabsorbed in the tubules. The kidneys excrete excess magnesium to maintain systemic mineral homeostasis. Small amounts of this cation are consistently found in the urine of healthy individuals following normal dietary intake.
C. glucose: Under normal conditions, 100 percent of the glucose filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule. The presence of glucose in the urine, known as glycosuria, usually indicates hyperglycemia or a renal transport defect. Healthy urine should not contain detectable levels of glucose.
D. creatinine: Creatinine is a metabolic waste product of muscle metabolism that is filtered and not reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Its excretion is constant and serves as a reliable marker for assessing glomerular filtration rate. It is a standard and necessary component of healthy urine.
E. ammonia: Ammonia is produced by the tubular cells as a byproduct of amino acid deamination and acts as a buffer for hydrogen ions. It is excreted in the urine to help regulate the acid-base balance of the body. Its presence is a normal result of renal metabolic activity.
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