The renal corpuscle is made up of
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
the renal pyramid
the descending nephron loop
the kidney cortex and medulla
the renal papilla
The Correct Answer is A
A. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus: The renal corpuscle represents the initial blood-filtering component of the nephron. It consists of the glomerulus, a tuft of fenestrated capillaries, surrounded by a double-walled epithelial cup called the glomerular capsule. This structure facilitates the production of filtrate from the blood.
B. the renal pyramid: These cone-shaped tissues are located within the renal medulla and contain the straight segments of nephrons and collecting ducts. While they house parts of the renal system, they are macroscopic anatomical regions rather than the microscopic corpuscle. They do not participate in the initial filtration process.
C. the descending nephron loop: This portion of the renal tubule extends from the proximal convoluted tubule into the renal medulla. It is specialized for water reabsorption via osmosis and is not involved in the initial filtration of blood. The corpuscle always precedes the tubular segments in nephron anatomy.
D. the kidney cortex and medulla: These terms describe the primary internal layers of the kidney organ. The cortex contains the renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules, while the medulla contains the renal pyramids. These are broad anatomical zones rather than the specific components of a single renal corpuscle.
E. the renal papilla: The papilla is the apex of a renal pyramid that empties urine into the minor calyx. It consists of the distal ends of collecting ducts where final urine concentration occurs. It is located far downstream from the site of initial filtration in the corpuscle.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. myogenic mechanism: This is an autoregulatory response where vascular smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole contracts when stretched. This mechanism actually resists changes in blood flow and limits excessive filtration during high blood pressure. It acts as a protective brake rather than a promoter of filtrate formation.
B. colloid osmotic pressure of the blood: The presence of large plasma proteins like albumin creates an osmotic pull that keeps water within the glomerular capillaries. This pressure opposes filtration by drawing fluid back into the vascular space. High colloid osmotic pressure reduces the net filtration pressure at the glomerulus.
C. capsular hydrostatic pressure: As filtrate accumulates within the confined space of the glomerular capsule, it exerts a physical pressure against the filtration membrane. This back-pressure opposes the movement of more fluid out of the capillaries. It is a resistive force that must be overcome to form new filtrate.
D. glomerular hydrostatic pressure: This is the blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries, which is maintained at a higher level than other capillary beds. It provides the primary outward force that pushes water and solutes through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. It is the dominant promoter of glomerular filtration.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. antidiuretic hormone: This hormone acts primarily on the principal cells of the collecting ducts to increase water permeability via aquaporin insertion. It does not directly stimulate the macula densa cells. The macula densa is part of the feedback loop that regulates the filtration rate.
B. changes in pressure in the tubule: Pressure changes are primarily sensed by the granular cells of the afferent arteriole, which act as baroreceptors. The macula densa cells are specialized chemoreceptors rather than mechanoreceptors. They monitor the chemical composition of the fluid rather than its physical pressure.
C. aldosterone: This steroid hormone acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. It is a downstream product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It does not serve as a primary stimulus for the macula densa chemoreceptors.
D. changes in Na+ content of the filtrate: Macula densa cells are located in the distal ascending limb and monitor the concentration of sodium chloride in the filtrate. High salt levels indicate a high filtration rate, triggering tubuloglomerular feedback. This causes afferent arteriole vasoconstriction to reduce the glomerular filtration rate.
E. renin concentration: Renin is an enzyme secreted by the granular cells in response to signals from the macula densa. Therefore, renin is an output of the juxtaglomerular apparatus rather than the stimulus for the macula densa. These cells initiate the cascade that leads to renin release.
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