The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:
phagocytosis of foreign material
local vasodilation
any tissue injury
formation of granulomas
secretion of exudate
The Correct Answer is C
A. phagocytosis of foreign material: Phagocytosis is a cellular action within the inflammatory response, not the broad trigger for it.
B. local vasodilation: Local vasodilation is a vascular change that occurs during inflammation, not the initiating non-specific trigger.
C. any tissue injury: The inflammatory response is a non-specific (innate) response to many forms of tissue injury (infection, trauma, ischemia, chemical injury).
D. formation of granulomas: Granulomas are a feature of chronic inflammation, not a general step in the acute non-specific inflammatory response.
E. secretion of exudate: Exudation is a component/effect of inflammation, not the initiating stimulus.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. NK cells: Natural killer cells are innate immune effectors that kill infected or transformed cells - they are not the primary mediators of humoral (antibody) immunity.
B. T cells: T cells mediate cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic and helper roles); helper T cells support humoral responses but they are not the direct humoral mediators.
C. B cells: B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies - humoral immunity is mediated by B cells/antibodies.
D. Macrophages: Macrophages are phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells of innate/adaptive immunity, not the main mediators of humoral antibody production.
E. Neutrophils: Neutrophils are innate phagocytic cells involved in acute inflammation, not humoral antibody production.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Specific defense: Tears are non-specific barriers (contain lysozyme, flush pathogens), so this is incorrect.
B. Third line of defense: The third line is adaptive immunity (B and T cells); tears are not part of that.
C. Second line of defense: The second line is internal innate responses (inflammation, phagocytes); tears are an external barrier, so not second line.
D. inflammatory response: Tears are not the inflammatory response-they act before inflammation as a barrier/chemical defense.
E. First line of defense: Tears are part of the first line (physical and chemical barriers) protecting mucous membranes and the eye.
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