The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called

A. boiling water: Boiling water is a physical method of microbial control that kills most vegetative cells and some viruses through denaturation of proteins and disruption of membranes. It does not involve chemical agents, making it a physical means of sterilization or disinfection.

B. pasteurization: Pasteurization is a controlled heating process used to reduce microbial load in liquids such as milk and juice. It uses heat as a physical agent to destroy pathogenic microbes while preserving the quality of the product.

C. HEPA filters: High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters physically remove microorganisms from air by trapping particles. This is a mechanical, physical approach to controlling microbial contamination in healthcare and laboratory environments.

D. ultraviolet radiation: UV radiation damages microbial DNA and prevents replication. It is a physical method of disinfection commonly used on surfaces, air, and water.

E. hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical disinfectant and antiseptic. It kills microbes through oxidation and production of reactive oxygen species. Since it is chemical rather than physical, it does not belong in the category of physical agents for controlling microbial growth.

A. endergonic: Endergonic reactions require an input of energy to proceed and result in products with higher free energy than the reactants. While some bond-breaking reactions may involve energy input, the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds is generally exergonic, releasing energy rather than consuming it.

B. metabolic: The term metabolic is broad and refers to all chemical reactions occurring in an organism, including both catabolic and anabolic processes. While glycosidic bond breakage is part of metabolism, this term does not specifically describe the type of reaction.

C. catabolic: Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of larger, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones, typically releasing energy that can be used by the cell. Breaking glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides like starch or glycogen releases monosaccharides and energy, classifying this process as catabolic.

D. anabolic: Anabolic reactions are constructive processes in which small molecules are joined to form larger, complex molecules, usually requiring an input of energy. Forming glycosidic bonds to synthesize polysaccharides would be anabolic, but breaking them is the opposite process.