When a control agent targets the metabolic processes of microbial cells, active younger cells typically die more rapidly than older cells.
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true
The Correct Answer is A
When a control agent targets metabolic processes, actively growing and metabolizing cells are more susceptible than older or dormant cells. Younger microbial cells have higher rates of enzyme activity, protein synthesis, and energy production, which are the pathways most affected by metabolic inhibitors. In contrast, older or stationary-phase cells have slowed metabolism and often possess stress adaptations that make them less vulnerable to these agents. Therefore, treatments that disrupt metabolism such as certain antibiotics or chemical disinfectants tend to kill actively dividing cells more rapidly, while non-dividing or metabolically inactive cells survive longer.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. facilitated diffusion: Facilitated diffusion is the movement of substances across a cell membrane via specific carrier proteins or channels, but it occurs along the concentration gradient (from high to low) and does not require cellular energy. It relies on the natural kinetic energy of molecules rather than ATP.
B. endocytosis: Endocytosis involves the engulfing of large particles or liquids by the cell membrane to bring them into the cell. Although it requires energy, it is a bulk transport mechanism rather than the specific movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using a carrier protein.
C. active transport: Active transport is the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient (from lower to higher concentration) using specific transport proteins and energy expenditure, typically in the form of ATP. Examples include the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps in cell membranes, which maintain essential ionic gradients for cell function.
D. osmosis: Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. It does not require energy or a carrier protein and is specific to water movement.
E. diffusion: Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down their concentration gradient. It does not require energy or proteins and is driven by molecular motion, unlike active transport which moves substances against the gradient.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Breakdown of molecules to release energy: Catabolism involves the enzymatic breakdown of complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into simpler molecules like sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids. This process releases energy, which is captured in the form of ATP to fuel cellular activities, making it a fundamental part of metabolism.
B. Building molecules: The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones is called anabolism, not catabolism. Anabolic processes, such as protein synthesis or glycogen formation, require energy input rather than releasing energy.
C. DNA replication: DNA replication is a specific cellular process that duplicates genetic material for cell division. While it is essential for cell survival, it is not a catabolic process, as it does not involve the breakdown of molecules for energy production.
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