The nurse is caring for a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). What clinical manifestations will the nurse anticipate the patient to present? (Select All That Apply)

Choice A reason: Kussmaul breathing is a deep, labored breathing pattern that is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis, commonly seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Choice B reason: Abdominal pain is a common symptom in diabetic ketoacidosis due to the metabolic disturbances and dehydration.

Choice C reason: A positive Trousseau sign is associated with hypocalcemia and is not a common manifestation of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Choice D reason: Decreased heart rate is not typical in diabetic ketoacidosis. In fact, patients might present with an increased heart rate due to dehydration and acidosis.

Choice E reason: Confusion is a symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis due to the effects of severe hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis on the brain.

Choice A reason: Chronic renal disease typically leads to metabolic acidosis, not alkalosis, due to the accumulation of acids that the kidney cannot excrete.

Choice B reason: Prolonged vomiting leads to the loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach, which can result in metabolic alkalosis due to the imbalance caused by the loss of stomach acid.

Choice C reason: Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis due to the excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide, reducing hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.

Choice D reason: Obstructive sleep apnea is typically associated with respiratory acidosis, not metabolic alkalosis, due to episodes of hypoventilation during sleep.