The nurse plans to assess a client's ability to think abstractly. Which question or statement is likely to provide the best information about the client's abstract thinking?

"Count backwards by 7, starting with 100."

"Has anyone come to visit you today?"

"In what year were you born?"

"What does, "The early bird catches the worm," mean?"

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. "Count backwards by 7, starting with 100.": This question assesses concentration, attention span, and mathematical ability but does not evaluate abstract thinking. It is typically used in cognitive or mental status exams to assess focus and processing speed.

B. "Has anyone come to visit you today?": This is a straightforward question assessing recent memory or orientation but has no abstract component. It provides little insight into higher-order thinking or interpretation skills.

C. "In what year were you born?": This question evaluates remote memory, not abstract reasoning. It is factual and concrete, requiring only recollection, not interpretation or deeper thought.

D. "What does, 'The early bird catches the worm,' mean?": This is a proverb that requires interpretation beyond its literal meaning. Asking for its meaning helps assess abstract thinking by evaluating the client’s ability to understand figurative language and draw broader conclusions.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. He would have difficulty falling to sleep, and sleep very lightly with more frequent arousals: Nicotine is a stimulant that can interfere with sleep by increasing heart rate and causing difficulty in falling asleep. Smokers also tend to experience more fragmented sleep, with frequent awakenings and lighter sleep stages due to withdrawal symptoms during the night which include restlessness, irritability, and difficulty relaxing.

B. He would sleep soundly during the first half of the night, with increased arousals during the second half: This is not typically associated with smoking. While nicotine withdrawal can cause sleep disruption, it does not usually result in sound sleep in the first half of the night followed by arousals. Smoking-related sleep disturbances are more generalized throughout the night.

C. Increase sleep latency, and reduce total sleep time: While nicotine can increase sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep), smoking is more likely to cause fragmented sleep and increased arousals rather than just reducing total sleep time. The effect on sleep is often more about poor-quality sleep than simply reduced duration.

D. Decrease the need for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep: Nicotine does not decrease the need for REM sleep, but it disrupts the sleep cycle, including REM sleep, by causing lighter sleep and more frequent awakenings. Smokers tend to have a lower proportion of REM sleep due to these disruptions, but not necessarily a decreased need for it.

A. Guaiac test changes from positive to negative. B. Hematocrit changes from 36% to 32%. C. Prothrombin time (PT) changes from 12 seconds to 18 seconds. D. Hemoglobin A1C changes from 10% to 8%.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Guaiac test changes from positive to negative: The guaiac test detects occult blood in stool. A negative result after being positive suggests that the bleeding has stopped, but it does not directly reflect the resolution of bleeding as hematocrit and hemoglobin levels would. While useful for identifying ongoing bleeding, it is not the most reliable indicator of blood volume loss over time.

B. Hematocrit changes from 36% to 32%: A decrease in hematocrit, from 36% to 32%, indicates a loss of red blood cells and suggests that the client’s GI bleeding has not yet resolved. The hematocrit is a direct reflection of blood volume and RBC concentration, so a decline would point to continued blood loss, especially in the setting of GI bleeding.

C. Prothrombin time (PT) changes from 12 seconds to 18 seconds: An increased PT suggests a clotting issue, possibly related to liver dysfunction or anticoagulant therapy. However, PT changes are not a direct indicator of blood loss resolution in the setting of GI bleeding. While it may indicate an issue with coagulation, it is not the best indicator of ongoing blood loss.

D. Hemoglobin A1C changes from 10% to 8%: Hemoglobin A1C is a test for long-term blood glucose control and is unrelated to acute bleeding events. A change in A1C levels would indicate changes in glucose control, not blood loss or resolution of bleeding, making it irrelevant to this scenario.

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The nurse plans to assess a client's ability to think abstractly. Which question or statement is likely to provide the best information about the client's abstract thinking?

Nursing Test Bank

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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