Lymphatic vessels recover about _____ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.
15%
25%
50%
85%
The Correct Answer is A
A. Water: Water is primarily absorbed through the intestinal epithelium directly into the blood capillaries via osmosis. It follows the osmotic gradient created by the absorption of solutes like sodium. The lymphatic system is not the primary route for the uptake of dietary water.
B. Glucose: This monosaccharide is transported across the enterocyte membrane and enters the villus blood capillaries via facilitated diffusion. From there, it travels through the hepatic portal vein to the liver. It is a water-soluble molecule that does not require the specialized transport of lacteals.
C. Vitamins: Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, while fat-soluble vitamins are packaged into chylomicrotons. While some vitamins utilize the lymphatic route, the question specifies the primary dietary bulk restricted from capillaries. Vitamins are micronutrients rather than the primary cargo of lacteals.
D. amino acids: Following protein hydrolysis, individual amino acids are transported into the blood capillaries of the intestinal villi. They are highly soluble in plasma and do not require lymphatic transport. They bypass the lacteals to reach the liver for systemic distribution.
E. lipids: Large lipid droplets are processed into chylomicrons within enterocytes, which are too large to enter the tight junctions of blood capillaries. These lipoproteins enter the highly permeable lacteals to be transported via the thoracic duct. This ensures that dietary fats reach the systemic circulation safely.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Heme: When hemoglobin from old red blood cells is broken down, it first separates into heme and globin. The yellow box leads to the pathway that forms biliverdin, then bilirubin, which is excreted in bile and leaves the body in feces. This sequence occurs only from the heme portion of hemoglobin. During heme breakdown, iron is removed for storage or reuse, and the remaining heme ring is converted to biliverdin and then bilirubin. Therefore, the structure in box 1 must be heme.
B. Globin is incorrect because globin is the protein portion of hemoglobin. It does not form bilirubin. Instead, globin is broken down into amino acids, which are reused by the body to make new proteins. This pathway does not involve bile pigments or fecal excretion.
C. Erythropoietin is incorrect because erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. It is not a component of hemoglobin and does not play any role in hemoglobin breakdown or bilirubin formation.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. visceral layers of the serous pericardium; parietal layers of the serous pericardium: These terms describe the thin, double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart, forming the pericardial cavity. They are not chambers of the heart but rather protective coverings that facilitate frictionless movement. This choice incorrectly identifies serous membranes as anatomical internal heart cavities.
B. ventricles; atria: This selection inverts the correct anatomical arrangement of the human heart. The ventricles are the thick-walled, inferior pumping chambers that propel blood out into the pulmonary and systemic circuits. The atria are located superiorly to the ventricles and serve as the receiving chambers for returning blood.
C. atria; ventricles: The heart is divided into four chambers, with the two atria serving as the superior receiving chambers and the two ventricles as the inferior pumping chambers. The atria are separated from the ventricles by atrioventricular valves to ensure unidirectional blood flow. This accurately describes the vertical spatial relationship of the heart's internal anatomy.
D. left ventricles; right ventricles: These are the two inferior pumping chambers of the heart, located side-by-side rather than in a superior-inferior arrangement. While they differ in wall thickness and pressure output, both are situated below the level of the atria. They are separated by the thick interventricular septum.
E. left atria; right atria: These represent the two superior receiving chambers of the heart, divided by the interatrial septum. Like the ventricles, they are positioned horizontally relative to one another rather than vertically. They are both located superior to their respective ventricles within the thoracic cavity.
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