The use of chemical agents directly on exposed body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens is
antisepsis.
sanitization.
sterilization.
disinfection.
degermation.
The Correct Answer is A
A. antisepsis: Antisepsis refers to the application of chemical agents, known as antiseptics, directly to living tissues to destroy or inhibit the growth of vegetative pathogens. Common antiseptics include alcohols, iodine preparations, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide. These agents are widely used before injections, surgical procedures, and wound care to reduce microbial load and prevent infection.
B. sanitization: Sanitization involves reducing the number of microorganisms on inanimate objects to levels considered safe according to public health standards. This process is commonly used in food preparation areas, restaurants, and public facilities. It does not necessarily destroy all vegetative pathogens and is not intended for use on living tissues.
C. sterilization: Sterilization is the complete elimination of all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, viruses, fungi, and vegetative cells. Methods such as autoclaving, dry heat, radiation, and certain chemical sterilants are used for medical instruments and laboratory materials. Sterilization methods are extremely harsh and are not applied to living tissues.
D. disinfection: Disinfection involves the use of chemical or physical agents to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects such as medical equipment, countertops, and hospital surfaces. While effective against many microorganisms, disinfectants are typically too toxic or irritating to be used safely on living tissues.
E. degermation: Degermation refers to the mechanical removal of microorganisms from a limited area, usually through physical actions such as scrubbing or washing. While it reduces microbial numbers, it primarily involves mechanical removal rather than the direct chemical destruction of pathogens.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Organisms too small to be seen without magnification: Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, which are generally microscopic and require magnification for observation. This field includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and some microscopic algae, focusing on their structure, function, genetics, and interactions with the environment and hosts.
B. Only disease-causing organisms: While microbiology studies pathogens, it is not limited to disease-causing organisms. Many microbes are harmless or beneficial, such as gut microbiota that aid digestion or environmental bacteria that recycle nutrients.
C. Only bacteria and viruses: Microbiology encompasses more than just bacteria and viruses; it also includes fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae. Each group has distinct characteristics and roles in health, disease, and ecosystems.
D. Multicellular organisms: Multicellular organisms, such as plants and animals, are typically studied in fields like zoology or botany. Microbiology focuses on single-celled or microscopic organisms, although some multicellular fungi or parasites are included if they are studied at the microscopic level.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. double-stranded DNA: In double-stranded DNA, Chargaff’s rules apply: adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine, so the percentages of A and T should be roughly equal, as should G and C. The viral nucleic acid shows 20% adenine and only 10% thymine, and 40% guanine with 30% cytosine, which violates these pairing rules, indicating it unlikely.
B. double-stranded RNA: Double-stranded RNA also follows base-pairing rules, with adenine pairing with uracil instead of thymine, and guanine pairing with cytosine. The unequal proportions of bases in this viral genome (e.g., A ≠ U, G ≠ C) suggest that it is not double-stranded RNA.
C. single-stranded RNA: Single-stranded RNA does not require complementary base pairing between strands, allowing unequal proportions of the four nucleotides. The observed percentages of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine/uracil can vary widely, consistent with the data provided. This pattern supports the conclusion that the viral nucleic acid is single-stranded RNA.
D. single-stranded DNA: While single-stranded DNA does not require base pairing, thymine would still be present rather than uracil. However, the high guanine content (40%) and low thymine (10%) are unusual; still, the presence of thymine rather than uracil suggests that if it were RNA, thymine would be replaced with uracil, making single-stranded RNA more likely.
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