What are the effects of aldosterone during the stress response? Select all that apply.
Decreased antibody production
Increased bronchodilation
Decreased wound healing
Decreased inflammatory response
Increased sodium retention
Correct Answer : D,E
Rationale:
A. Decreased antibody production is primarily associated with cortisol, a glucocorticoid, not aldosterone. Aldosterone’s main role is electrolyte and fluid balance, not direct modulation of adaptive immunity.
B. Bronchodilation is mainly influenced by catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during the stress response. Aldosterone does not directly cause bronchodilation.
C. Impaired wound healing is also largely due to glucocorticoids like cortisol, which suppress immune function and fibroblast activity. Aldosterone itself does not significantly impair tissue repair.
D. Aldosterone indirectly contributes to modulation of the inflammatory response. By increasing sodium and water retention and affecting vascular function, aldosterone can reduce tissue edema and inflammatory mediator accumulation. This effect is less pronounced than cortisol but still relevant during the stress response.
E. This is the primary and most significant effect of aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the renal distal tubules and collecting ducts to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, which helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure during stress. This effect is critical for the body’s hemodynamic stability under stressful conditions.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. The convalescence stage is the recovery phase of infection. During this stage, the host’s immune system has controlled the pathogen, symptoms decline, and the body begins to repair damaged tissues. Pathogen multiplication has largely ceased, making this stage incorrect.
B. The incubation stage is the period between the entry of the pathogen into the body and the appearance of the first symptoms. During this stage, the pathogen is actively multiplying within the host, but the host does not yet show signs of illness. The duration of the incubation period varies depending on the type of pathogen, the virulence of the organism, and the host’s immune system. This stage is critical because the person may be contagious even before symptoms appear.
C. The prodromal stage is when early, nonspecific symptoms begin to appear, such as malaise, fatigue, or mild fever. The pathogen continues to multiply, but the focus of this stage is the emergence of initial symptoms, not the start of replication.
D. The acute stage is characterized by full-blown, specific symptoms of the infection. Pathogen levels are typically at their peak, and the immune response is fully activated. This stage follows the incubation and prodromal periods.Top of FormBottom of Form
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Autosomal dominant disorders do not typically skip generations. If a parent carries the dominant allele, there is a 50% chance of passing it to each child, so the trait usually appears in every generation. Skipping generations is more characteristic of autosomal recessive disorders, where individuals can be carriers without showing symptoms.
B. Autosomal dominant disorders affect both males and females equally, because the gene is located on an autosome (non-sex chromosome). There is no sex-specific pattern of inheritance.
C. Autosomal dominant disorders can manifest at any age, depending on the specific condition. Some, like Huntington disease, appear in adulthood, while others, such as Marfan syndrome, may be evident at birth or in early childhood.
D. In autosomal dominant disorders, an individual with one copy of the mutated gene will express the disorder, meaning there are no asymptomatic carriers. Each affected person shows signs of the disease, even if symptoms are mild. Carriers, by definition, are asymptomatic individuals with a recessive allele, which does not apply in dominant disorders.Top of FormBottom of Form
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