What situation(s) reflect examples of hyperplasia? Select all that apply.
A Reduction of tissue size due to insufficient nutrition
Cellular changes due to vitamin A deficiency
Thyroid gland enlargement due to hormonal stimulation
Uterine enlargement due to pregnancy
Skeletal muscle enlargement due to exercise
Correct Answer : C,D
Rationale:
A. This describes atrophy, which is a decrease in cell size or number due to reduced workload, nutrient deficiency, or aging. Atrophy is the opposite of hyperplasia.
B. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to metaplasia, where one type of cell changes into another to adapt to stress. This is not hyperplasia, as it does not involve an increase in cell number.
C. This is an example of compensatory or hormonal hyperplasia. In conditions like goiter, the thyroid enlarges because of increased stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), leading to proliferation of thyroid follicular cells.
D. During pregnancy, the uterus undergoes hormonal hyperplasia, where estrogen stimulates proliferation of uterine smooth muscle cells, increasing the size of the organ in preparation for childbirth.
E. Skeletal muscle enlargement from exercise is primarily due to hypertrophy, which is an increase in cell size rather than an increase in cell number. Hyperplasia rarely occurs in adult skeletal muscle.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. This describes a fissure, which is a linear tear or crack in the skin, often caused by dryness, trauma, or infection. Fissures are not flat and involve disruption of the skin surface, unlike a macule.
B. A macule is a small, flat, non-palpable area of skin that is different in color from the surrounding tissue. Examples include freckles, flat moles, or certain rashes. Macules are usually less than 1 cm in diameter and do not involve elevation or fluid accumulation.
C. This describes a vesicle, which is raised and fluid-filled. Vesicles are seen in conditions like chickenpox, herpes simplex, or contact dermatitis. Unlike macules, vesicles are palpable and elevated.
D. This describes a papule or nodule, which is solid, raised, and can vary in size. Examples include warts or small skin tumors. Macules are flat and non-palpable, so this description does not fit.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Gangrene is the death of tissue due to prolonged loss of blood supply or severe infection. It is a consequence of ischemia or necrosis, not the process of reduced blood flow itself.
B. Necrosis is cellular or tissue death caused by injury, infection, toxins, or prolonged ischemia. While ischemia can lead to necrosis, necrosis refers specifically to the outcome (cell death), not the reduced blood flow.
C. Ischemia is defined as a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ, usually caused by obstruction, narrowing, or compression of blood vessels. Ischemia reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery, impairing cellular metabolism and function. If prolonged, it can lead to cell injury or necrosis.
D. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a controlled and normal process that occurs in development and tissue maintenance. It is not caused by decreased blood supply.
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