What is a hallmark symptom of diabetic ketoaldosis (DKA)?

A. BUN typically increases, not decreases, in these conditions.
B. BUN levels usually rise in renal disease due to reduced kidney function and accumulation of nitrogenous waste.
C. Impaired kidney function and urinary obstruction decrease the excretion of urea, leading to elevated BUN levels in the blood.
D. While serum protein may be low in nephrotic syndrome, BUN is not typically decreased and may even be elevated if renal function is compromised.

A. Client must be deemed mentally competent to make an informed decision – A valid surgical consent requires that the client has the mental capacity to understand the information provided and to make decisions regarding their care.

B. Can be made after morphine administration – Consent given after administration of sedatives or narcotics (e.g., morphine) is not valid, as these medications can impair judgment and cognition.

C. Can be made without consent if deemed emergent and the client is awake – If the client is awake and capable, consent must be obtained. Consent without client approval is only permissible in a true emergency when the client is unconscious or otherwise unable to consent, and no surrogate is available.

D. Must be given without coercion or pressure – Valid consent must be voluntary, meaning the client freely agrees without intimidation or manipulation.

E. A legally authorized representative may sign if the client is unable – If a client is incapacitated, a designated healthcare proxy or legal guardian can give consent on their behalf.

F. The nurse is responsible for explaining the procedure to the patient – It is the surgeon’s responsibility to explain the nature of the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives. The nurse’s role is to witness the consent and ensure the client understands, but not to provide the full procedural explanation.