What is the composition of urine in a healthy individual?
50% water and 50% proteins
80% glucose and 20% water
90% bile and 10% water
95% water and 5% solutes
The Correct Answer is D
A. 50% water and 50% proteins: Urine normally contains very little protein; a high protein content can indicate kidney damage. Water makes up the majority of urine volume.
B. 80% glucose and 20% water: Glucose is typically absent or present in trace amounts in healthy urine. High glucose levels indicate conditions like diabetes mellitus.
C. 90% bile and 10% water: Bile components are not a primary constituent of urine. Bilirubin may appear in urine in certain liver disorders, but urine is not composed mainly of bile.
D. 95% water and 5% solutes: Healthy urine is mostly water, with about 5% dissolved solutes including urea, salts, creatinine, and other metabolic waste products. This composition helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and contracts involuntarily to pump blood. While it shares some involuntary characteristics with smooth muscle, it is specialized for rhythmic contraction and is not present in the walls of other internal organs.
B. Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. It functions involuntarily, controlling movements like peristalsis and vessel constriction without conscious effort, making it essential for organ function.
C. Striated muscle: Striated muscle refers to muscle with a striped appearance, including both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Striated muscle does not describe smooth muscle and is not primarily involved in involuntary movements of internal organs.
D. Skeletal muscle: Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and is attached to bones to facilitate movement. It is not found in internal organs and does not function automatically, distinguishing it from smooth muscle.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism, growth, and development but has only a minor role in calcium homeostasis compared to parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
B. Insulin: Insulin controls blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose and promoting glycogen synthesis. It does not significantly affect calcium levels in the blood.
C. Adrenaline: Adrenaline, produced by the adrenal medulla, mediates the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, without direct regulation of calcium levels.
D. Parathyroid hormone: Parathyroid hormone, secreted by the parathyroid glands, increases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bones, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.
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