What is the main action of steroid hormones once they enter a target cell?
They increase the production of ATP in mitochondria.
They cause immediate depolarization of the cell membrane.
They bind to intracellular receptors to influence gene expression.
They bind to extracellular receptors to trigger second messenger pathways.
The Correct Answer is C
A. They increase the production of ATP in mitochondria.: Steroid hormones do not primarily act by directly increasing mitochondrial ATP production as their main mechanism.
B. They cause immediate depolarization of the cell membrane.: Immediate membrane depolarization is characteristic of ion channel activity and some neurotransmitters, not the typical action of steroid hormones.
C. They bind to intracellular receptors to influence gene expression.: Steroid hormones are lipophilic, cross the cell membrane, bind intracellular (cytosolic or nuclear) receptors, and modulate transcription of target genes.
D. They bind to extracellular receptors to trigger second messenger pathways.: Binding to cell-surface receptors and second-messenger activation describes peptide and many amine hormones, not steroid hormones.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Negative feedback from insulin inhibits GH release from the anterior pituitary.:Insulin does not play a primary role in negative feedback on growth hormone release; GH regulation involves GHRH, somatostatin, and IGF-1 feedback.
B. Positive feedback from cortisol increases CRH release from the hypothalamus.:Cortisol typically exerts negative feedback on CRH (and ACTH) release, reducing hypothalamic CRH secretion rather than increasing it.
C. Positive feedback from aldosterone increases ACTH release from the anterior pituitary.:Aldosterone secretion is primarily regulated by the renin–angiotensin system and potassium levels, and aldosterone does not typically provide positive feedback to increase ACTH.
D. Negative feedback from thyroid hormones inhibits TRH release from the hypothalamus.:Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) exert negative feedback on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, decreasing TRH and TSH secretion respectively.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The hypothalamus is posterior to the pituitary gland:The hypothalamus is actually superior (above) and connected to the pituitary; it is not located posterior to the pituitary.
B. The hypothalamus is located within the sella turcica:The sella turcica is the bony depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland, not the hypothalamus, which lies superior to it in the diencephalon.
C. The pituitary gland is superior to the hypothalamus:The pituitary lies inferior to the hypothalamus; it is not superior.
D. The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum:The infundibulum (pituitary stalk) physically connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary, allowing neural and vascular communication between them.
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