What is the pathogenesis of septic shock?
Extreme blood loss
An exaggerated systemic inflammatory response induced by infecting organisms
Acute allergic reaction
Injury to the myocardium
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Extreme blood loss is characteristic of hypovolemic shock, not septic shock. Hypovolemic shock results from a significant reduction in circulating blood volume due to hemorrhage or fluid loss, but it does not involve the immune-mediated cascade seen in sepsis.
Choice B reason: Septic shock is caused by an overwhelming infection that triggers a dysregulated host response, leading to widespread inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vasodilation, and impaired tissue perfusion. This cascade is driven by microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) binding to toll-like receptors, which activate cytokines like TNF and IL-1, resulting in systemic effects including hypotension and multi-organ dysfunction.
Choice C reason: Acute allergic reactions can lead to anaphylactic shock, which is mediated by IgE and histamine release, not by infectious agents. While both involve vasodilation and hypotension, the underlying mechanisms are distinct.
Choice D reason: Injury to the myocardium is a hallmark of cardiogenic shock, which results from impaired cardiac output due to myocardial infarction or arrhythmias. It does not explain the immune and vascular phenomena seen in septic shock.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: While stress and environmental factors may exacerbate acne, they are not the primary pathophysiological mechanism. Acne vulgaris is fundamentally driven by changes in the pilosebaceous unit, not psychological or allergenic triggers alone.
Choice B reason: UVA/UVB exposure may contribute to skin damage and inflammation, but it is not the direct cause of acne. In fact, some UV exposure may temporarily suppress inflammation, though it is not a therapeutic strategy and does not explain the formation of acne lesions.
Choice C reason: Acne vulgaris results from obstruction and inflammation of pilosebaceous units. This process begins with increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes, leading to comedones and inflammatory lesions such as papules, pustules, and nodules.
Choice D reason: Keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation abnormalities are more characteristic of conditions like psoriasis. While keratinization plays a role in acne, this description does not fully capture the multifactorial pathogenesis involving sebum, bacteria, and inflammation.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: This describes osteoarthritis, not Paget’s disease. Osteoarthritis involves degeneration of joint cartilage and synovial structures, whereas Paget’s disease affects bone remodeling.
Choice B reason: Paget’s disease of bone is characterized by excessive osteoclastic bone resorption followed by disorganized osteoblastic bone formation. The newly formed bone is structurally abnormal—larger, less dense, and more vascular—making it prone to deformity and fracture. This explains the patient’s bowing and neurological symptoms due to nerve compression.
Choice C reason: This describes rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition affecting the synovium. Paget’s disease is not autoimmune and does not primarily involve joint inflammation.
Choice D reason: While PDB does involve abnormal bone remodeling, it does not lead to decreased skeletal mass. Instead, it results in structurally unsound bone that may be enlarged but weakened.
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