What is the primary role of nonspecific immunity?
To provide immediate defense against all pathogens
To enhance the body's inflammatory response
To target specific pathogens based on antigens
To produce memory cells for long-term immunity
The Correct Answer is A
A. To provide immediate defense against all pathogens: Nonspecific, or innate, immunity acts as the first line of defense by responding rapidly to pathogens. It includes barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and phagocytic cells that act regardless of the pathogen type.
B. To enhance the body's inflammatory response: While nonspecific immunity involves inflammation, enhancing the inflammatory response is a mechanism rather than the primary role. Its main function is broad and immediate defense.
C. To target specific pathogens based on antigens: Targeting specific pathogens is a function of specific (adaptive) immunity, which recognizes antigens and produces tailored responses.
D. To produce memory cells for long-term immunity: Memory cell production is part of adaptive immunity. Nonspecific immunity does not have memory and reacts the same way to repeated exposures.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. S3: The third heart sound occurs during early diastole due to rapid ventricular filling, often heard in children or in adults with heart failure.
B. S1: The first heart sound is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves at the start of ventricular systole.
C. S2: The second heart sound is produced by the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) at the end of ventricular systole, marking the beginning of diastole.
D. S4: The fourth heart sound occurs during late diastole due to atrial contraction, often associated with a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Dehydration: Dark, concentrated urine is commonly caused by reduced water intake or excessive fluid loss. The kidneys conserve water, resulting in a higher concentration of solutes and darker urine color.
B. Excess protein consumption: High protein intake can slightly alter urine composition, but it does not usually cause dark or concentrated urine unless accompanied by dehydration.
C. Excess fluid intake: Increased fluid intake dilutes urine, making it lighter in color rather than dark and concentrated.
D. Kidney failure: Kidney failure can alter urine output and composition, but early stages often result in reduced urine volume rather than concentrated, dark urine specifically caused by dehydration.
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