What is the primary role of nonspecific immunity?
To provide immediate defense against all pathogens
To enhance the body's inflammatory response
To target specific pathogens based on antigens
To produce memory cells for long-term immunity
The Correct Answer is A
A. To provide immediate defense against all pathogens: Nonspecific, or innate, immunity acts as the first line of defense by responding rapidly to pathogens. It includes barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and phagocytic cells that act regardless of the pathogen type.
B. To enhance the body's inflammatory response: While nonspecific immunity involves inflammation, enhancing the inflammatory response is a mechanism rather than the primary role. Its main function is broad and immediate defense.
C. To target specific pathogens based on antigens: Targeting specific pathogens is a function of specific (adaptive) immunity, which recognizes antigens and produces tailored responses.
D. To produce memory cells for long-term immunity: Memory cell production is part of adaptive immunity. Nonspecific immunity does not have memory and reacts the same way to repeated exposures.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Activating B cells and other immune cells: Helper T cells coordinate the immune response by releasing cytokines that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages, enhancing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
B. Producing antibodies: Antibodies are produced by plasma cells, which are differentiated B cells, not by helper T cells.
C. Directly killing infected cells: Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for directly attacking and destroying infected or abnormal cells, whereas helper T cells regulate and support the immune response.
D. Engulfing pathogens: Phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils perform pathogen engulfment; helper T cells do not directly ingest pathogens.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It contracts involuntarily to pump blood and does not move the skeleton.
B. Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle is located in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It controls involuntary movements like peristalsis and vessel constriction, not skeletal movement.
C. Skeletal muscle: Skeletal muscle attaches to bones via tendons and contracts voluntarily to produce movement of the skeleton. It also helps maintain posture and generates heat during activity.
D. Connective tissue: Connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons, supports and connects structures but does not contract to produce skeletal movement.
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