What manifestation occurs in a person with fluid deficit due to compensation?
Decreased urine output
Bradycardia
Poor skin turgor
High blood pressure
The Correct Answer is A
A. Decreased urine output: When the body experiences fluid deficit, compensatory mechanisms such as activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone release reduce renal excretion to conserve water. This leads to oliguria, which is an early and common manifestation of dehydration as the kidneys attempt to maintain circulating volume.
B. Bradycardia: Fluid deficit typically triggers sympathetic nervous system activation, which increases heart rate (tachycardia) to maintain perfusion. Bradycardia is not expected; it may indicate another pathology rather than compensation for fluid loss.
C. Poor skin turgor: Poor skin turgor is a late sign of fluid loss and reflects chronic or severe dehydration rather than the immediate compensatory response. Early compensation primarily affects cardiovascular and renal function.
D. High blood pressure: Fluid deficit usually results in hypotension due to decreased circulating volume. Blood pressure often falls as dehydration progresses, prompting compensatory mechanisms like vasoconstriction, but hypertension is not a typical compensatory manifestation.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Phantom pain:Phantom pain is perceived in a body part that has been amputated or is no longer physically present. It originates from neural changes rather than actual tissue injury in skin, muscle, or joints.
B. Visceral pain:Visceral pain arises from internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, or liver. It is often poorly localized, described as deep, pressure-like, or cramping, and is not associated with musculoskeletal structures.
C. Ischemic pain:Ischemic pain results from reduced blood flow to tissues, such as during myocardial infarction or peripheral artery disease. It can affect muscles or organs but is specifically related to oxygen deprivation, not general somatic tissue pain.
D. Somatic pain:Somatic pain originates from the skin, muscles, bones, and joints. It is usually well localized and described as sharp, aching, or throbbing, reflecting direct activation of nociceptors in musculoskeletal or cutaneous tissues.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Vasoconstriction from cerebral ischemia:Cerebral ischemia from vasoconstriction primarily leads to hypoxia and tissue injury. While it can influence systemic responses, it does not directly cause bradycardia associated with increased intracranial pressure.
B. Compensation for elevated blood pressure:Increased intracranial pressure triggers a Cushing reflex, a physiological response to maintain cerebral perfusion. As systemic blood pressure rises to overcome the pressure in the cranium, the baroreceptors detect the elevated pressure and induce reflex bradycardia to prevent excessive cardiac workload.
C. Excess swelling of the person's optic disc:Papilledema, or optic disc swelling, is a sign of increased intracranial pressure but is a consequence rather than a direct cause of bradycardia. It reflects chronic ICP elevation but does not initiate the cardiac reflex.
D. Stretching of the dura mater and blood vessels:While stretching of intracranial structures can contribute to headache and pain, it is not the primary mechanism for bradycardia. The heart rate change is mainly a baroreceptor-mediated response to hypertension caused by increased intracranial pressure.
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