What statement describes metastasis?
Spread of malignant cells from excessive handling in surgery.
Spread of malignant cells along membranes in body cavities.
Spread of malignant cells to distant sites by blood or lymph.
Spread of malignant cells locally to adjacent nearby tissues.
The Correct Answer is C
Rationale:
A. This statement is incorrect. While surgical manipulation of tumors must be done carefully, metastasis is not caused simply by handling in surgery. Tumor cells can naturally spread through the body via established pathways, independent of surgical procedures.
B. This describes seeding, a type of local spread where malignant cells migrate across serous membranes such as the peritoneum or pleura. This is not metastasis, which specifically refers to distant spread.
C. Metastasis is defined as the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant organs or tissues, often via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This process allows cancer to colonize new sites far from the original tumor, forming secondary tumors. Common metastatic sites depend on the type of cancer, such as the liver, lungs, brain, or bone.
D. This describes local invasion, the process by which a tumor grows into neighboring tissues. While it contributes to cancer progression, it is not considered metastasis, which involves distant dissemination.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","B","D","E"]
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Incontinence exposes skin to moisture, friction, and chemical irritation, increasing the risk for skin breakdown and pressure injuries. Constant moisture softens the skin (maceration), making it more susceptible to damage from pressure or shear.
B. Loss of sensation, such as in spinal cord injury, prevents the individual from feeling discomfort or pain that signals the need to shift position. Without this feedback, prolonged pressure on bony prominences can lead to tissue ischemia and ulcer formation.
C. An individual with full mobility and intact sensation can reposition themselves and relieve pressure, which significantly reduces risk of pressure ulcer development.
D. Malnutrition impairs skin integrity and wound healing. Deficiencies in protein, vitamin C, zinc, and calories reduce tissue repair capacity, making the skin more prone to breakdown under pressure.
E. Individuals who cannot reposition themselves independently rely on caregivers for movement. If repositioning is infrequent or delayed, pressure remains on bony prominences, increasing risk for ulcers.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that can occur when a pressure ulcer breaks the skin barrier. Open wounds provide a pathway for bacteria, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus species, to enter underlying tissues, leading to redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and potentially systemic infection. This makes cellulitis a common and serious complication of pressure ulcers if not treated promptly.
B. While chronic blood loss or poor nutrition can contribute to anemia, it is not a direct complication of a pressure ulcer. Anemia may be present in patients with multiple comorbidities but is not caused specifically by pressure injuries.
C. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease unrelated to pressure ulcers. While immobility from severe pressure injuries could worsen joint function, osteoarthritis is not a direct complication.
D. Diabetes is a risk factor for developing pressure ulcers due to poor circulation and impaired wound healing, but it is not caused by pressure ulcers.
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