What stimulates the kidney to release erythropoietin EPO?
Low level of iron concentration in the blood
Low level of oxygen concentration in the blood
Low number of red blood cells in the blood
High number of red blood cells in the blood
The Correct Answer is B
a) Low level of iron concentration in the blood: Iron is necessary for hemoglobin synthesis, but it does not directly stimulate EPO production.
b) Low level of oxygen concentration in the blood: Hypoxia is the primary stimulus for EPO release, which then promotes red blood cell production to increase oxygen-carrying capacity.
c) Low number of red blood cells in the blood: While anemia can lead to hypoxia, it is the oxygen deficit (not RBC count itself) that directly stimulates EPO.
d) High number of red blood cells in the blood: This would decrease EPO production through negative feedback.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
a) Megakaryoblast: The megakaryoblast is the precursor cell in the bone marrow that eventually becomes a megakaryocyte, which fragments to form platelets (thrombocytes).
b) Proerythroblast: This cell gives rise to red blood cells (erythrocytes), not platelets.
c) T lymphoblast: This is a precursor to T lymphocytes, part of the adaptive immune system.
d) Monoblast: This cell gives rise to monocytes, which become macrophages in tissues.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
a) Activating vitamin D: This is a direct effect of PTH-PTH stimulates the activation of vitamin D (specifically, conversion to calcitriol) in the kidneys.
b) Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney: Also a direct effect-PTH acts on renal tubules to increase reabsorption of calcium.
c) Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines: The increased intestinal calcium absorption is an indirect effect because PTH stimulates the activation of vitamin D, and calcitriol then increases intestinal calcium absorption.
d) Increasing osteoclast activity: This is a direct effect-PTH binds to osteoblasts, which signal osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium.
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