When interpreting research findings, which of the following most closely describes the concept of external validity?
The independent variable (the treatment) caused a change in the dependent variable (the outcome).
The sample is representative of the population and the results can be generalized.
The P value is 0.1.
The research has been accepted by a peer-reviewed journal.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: This describes internal validity, which assesses whether the observed effect is due to the intervention and not confounding variables. It does not address generalizability.
Choice B reason: External validity refers to the extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the specific sample used. If the sample accurately reflects the broader population, the results are more likely to apply in real-world settings, enhancing external validity.
Choice C reason: A p-value of 0.1 suggests that the results are not statistically significant at the conventional threshold of 0.05. It does not relate to external validity, which is about generalizability, not statistical significance.
Choice D reason: Peer-reviewed publication indicates that the research has undergone expert scrutiny, but it does not guarantee external validity. Generalizability depends on study design and sample characteristics, not publication status.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Opioid withdrawal typically presents with symptoms such as muscle aches, diarrhea, rhinorrhea, and yawning. While restlessness and insomnia may occur, tremors and autonomic instability (e.g., elevated pulse and sweating) are more characteristic of alcohol withdrawal.
Choice B reason: Alcohol withdrawal is marked by autonomic hyperactivity (elevated pulse, sweating), tremors, nausea, agitation, and insomnia. These symptoms match the clinical presentation described. If untreated, it can progress to delirium tremens, which includes hallucinations and seizures.
Choice C reason: Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic withdrawal (e.g., benzodiazepines) can resemble alcohol withdrawal but typically includes more pronounced anxiety, irritability, and risk of seizures. However, the classic signs of autonomic hyperactivity and tremors are more strongly associated with alcohol withdrawal.
Choice D reason: Stimulant withdrawal often includes fatigue, depression, increased appetite, and sleep disturbances. It does not typically present with tremors, autonomic instability, or nausea, making it less likely in this case.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: This statement reflects a utilitarian or pragmatic approach but is not a formal definition of teleological theory. It implies value-based prioritization rather than outcome-based judgment.
Choice B reason: Teleological ethics, also known as consequentialism, evaluates the morality of an action based on its outcomes. If the consequences are beneficial or maximize good, the action is considered ethically sound. This theory contrasts with deontological ethics, which focuses on the morality of the act itself.
Choice C reason: This describes deontological ethics, which judges actions based on adherence to rules or duties, regardless of the outcomes. It is the opposite of teleological theory.
Choice D reason: This reflects virtue ethics, which emphasizes the character and moral virtues of the decision-maker rather than the act or its consequences. It is a distinct ethical framework from teleology.
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