Which health care discipline would the nurse consult to help a stroke patient with nutrition?

Choice A: Progressive weakness and atrophy of muscle is a manifestation of ALS, as it results from the loss of motor

neurons that control voluntary muscle movements²³.

Choice B: Cramps, twitching, and lack of coordination is a manifestation of ALS, as it results from the abnormal activity of motor neurons that are still functioning²³.

Choice C: Spasticity, deep tendon reflexes brisk, and overactive is a manifestation of ALS, as it results from the damage to the upper motor neurons that regulate muscle tone²³.

Choice D: Difficulty speaking, swallowing, breathing is a manifestation of ALS, as it results from the involvement of the muscles in the mouth, throat, and chest²³.

Choice E: All of the above is correct, as all of these manifestations are common in ALS.

Choice A: Injury from chemicals is incorrect because it is not a type of traumatic brain injury. Injury from chemicals is a type of toxic brain injury, which occurs when a substance such as alcohol, drugs, or carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and affects the brain function or structure. It can cause symptoms such as confusion, memory loss, or seizures.

Choice B: Acceleration/deceleration injury occurs when the head accelerates and then rapidly decelerates, damaging brain tissue is correct because it is the definition of a closed traumatic brain injury. A closed traumatic brain injury occurs when the head moves violently without breaking the skull. This can cause the brain to hit against the inner wall of the skull or twist within the skull, resulting in bruising, tearing, or shearing of the brain tissue.

Choice C: Stressed injury to the brain is incorrect because it is not a type of traumatic brain injury. Stressed injury to the brain is a type of psychological brain injury, which occurs when a person experiences a traumatic event such as violence, abuse, or war. It can cause symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, or post-traumatic stress disorder.

Choice D: Object penetrates the brain or trauma is so severe that the scalp and skull are opened is incorrect because it is not a closed traumatic brain injury. It is a type of open traumatic brain injury, which occurs when a foreign object such as a bullet, knife, or bone fragment enters the brain or when a blunt force trauma such as a fall, collision, or assault causes a fracture or laceration of the skull. This can damage the brain tissue, blood vessels, and nerves and cause bleeding, swelling, or infection.